%0 Journal Article %1 millard2024benchmark %A Millard, Matthew %A Stutzig, Norman %A Fehr, Jörg %A Siebert, Tobias %D 2024 %J ScienceDirect Elsevier %K unclear PN2 curated EXC2075 %R 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106740 %T A benchmark of muscle models to length changes great and small %U https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1751616124003722?via%3Dihub %X Digital human body models are used to simulate injuries that occur as a result of vehicle collisions, vibration, sports, and falls. Given enough time the body’s musculature can generate force, affect the body’s movements, and change the risk of some injuries. The finite-element code LS-DYNA is often used to simulate the movements and injuries sustained by the digital human body models as a result of an accident. In this work, we evaluate the accuracy of the three muscle models in LS-DYNA (MAT_156, EHTM, and the VEXAT) when simulating a range of experiments performed on isolated muscle: force-length-velocity experiments on maximally and sub-maximally stimulated muscle, active-lengthening experiments, and vibration experiments. The force-length-velocity experiments are included because these conditions are typical of the muscle activity that precedes an accident, while the active-lengthening and vibration experiments mimic conditions that can cause injury. The three models perform similarly during the maximally and sub-maximally activated force-length-velocity experiments, but noticeably differ in response to the active-lengthening and vibration experiments. The VEXAT model is able to generate the enhanced forces of biological muscle during active lengthening, while both the MAT_156 and EHTM produce too little force. In response to vibration, the stiffness and damping of the VEXAT model closely follows the experimental data while the MAT_156 and EHTM models differ substantially. The accuracy of the VEXAT model comes from two additional mechanical structures that are missing in the MAT_156 and EHTM models: viscoelastic cross-bridges, and an active titin filament. To help others build on our work we have made our simulation code publicly available.

@article{millard2024benchmark, abstract = {Digital human body models are used to simulate injuries that occur as a result of vehicle collisions, vibration, sports, and falls. Given enough time the body’s musculature can generate force, affect the body’s movements, and change the risk of some injuries. The finite-element code LS-DYNA is often used to simulate the movements and injuries sustained by the digital human body models as a result of an accident. In this work, we evaluate the accuracy of the three muscle models in LS-DYNA (MAT_156, EHTM, and the VEXAT) when simulating a range of experiments performed on isolated muscle: force-length-velocity experiments on maximally and sub-maximally stimulated muscle, active-lengthening experiments, and vibration experiments. The force-length-velocity experiments are included because these conditions are typical of the muscle activity that precedes an accident, while the active-lengthening and vibration experiments mimic conditions that can cause injury. The three models perform similarly during the maximally and sub-maximally activated force-length-velocity experiments, but noticeably differ in response to the active-lengthening and vibration experiments. The VEXAT model is able to generate the enhanced forces of biological muscle during active lengthening, while both the MAT_156 and EHTM produce too little force. In response to vibration, the stiffness and damping of the VEXAT model closely follows the experimental data while the MAT_156 and EHTM models differ substantially. The accuracy of the VEXAT model comes from two additional mechanical structures that are missing in the MAT_156 and EHTM models: viscoelastic cross-bridges, and an active titin filament. To help others build on our work we have made our simulation code publicly available.}, added-at = {2025-02-28T16:06:53.000+0100}, author = {Millard, Matthew and Stutzig, Norman and Fehr, Jörg and Siebert, Tobias}, bemerkung = {elementare Daten, z.B. Journal fehlen}, biburl = {https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/2c7e68ae5f3894d810752300311254ade/exc2075}, description = {linked to Projekt Adires}, doi = {10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106740}, interhash = {f87d2c872f2e6f474113b724ada23083}, intrahash = {c7e68ae5f3894d810752300311254ade}, journal = {ScienceDirect Elsevier}, keywords = {unclear PN2 curated EXC2075}, language = {English}, month = {09}, timestamp = {2025-02-28T16:06:53.000+0100}, title = {A benchmark of muscle models to length changes great and small}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1751616124003722?via%3Dihub}, year = 2024 }