Article,

Dilemmas in a general theory of planning

, and .
Policy Sciences, 4 (2): 155--169 (Jun 1, 1973)
DOI: 10.1007/BF01405730

Abstract

The search for scientific bases for confronting problems of social policy is bound to fail, becuase of the nature of these problems. They are ``wicked'' problems, whereas science has developed to deal with ``tame'' problems. Policy problems cannot be definitively described. Moreover, in a pluralistic society there is nothing like the undisputable public good; there is no objective definition of equity; policies that respond to social problems cannot be meaningfully correct or false; and it makes no sense to talk about ``optimal solutions'' to social problems unless severe qualifications are imposed first. Even worse, there are no ``solutions'' in the sense of definitive and objective answers.

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