%0 Journal Article %1 10409187 %A Lotfi, Hadi %A Kern, Michal %A Yang, Qing %A Unden, Thomas %A Striegler, Nico %A Scharpf, Jochen %A Schalberger, Patrick %A Stöhr, Rainer %A Schwartz, Ilai %A Neumann, Philipp %A Anders, Jens %D 2024 %J IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits %K myown %N 5 %P 1421-1432 %R 10.1109/JSSC.2024.3350995 %T A Four-Channel BiCMOS Transmitter for a Quantum Magnetometer Based on Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond %V 59 %X Quantum sensors based on solid-state defects, such as the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, offer very good room-temperature sensitivity, long-term stability, and the potential for calibration-free measurements. However, most quantum sensors still suffer from a bulky size and weight, low energy efficiency, and high costs, prohibiting their widespread use. Here, we present custom-designed chip-integrated microwave (MW) electronics for a miniaturized, low-cost, and highly scalable quantum magnetometer based on NV centers in diamond. The presented electronics include a quadrature phase-locked loop (QPLL) chip to generate the required local oscillator signal at around 7 GHz with a wide tuning range of 22% and a low phase noise (PN) of −122 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset from a 7-GHz carrier for broadband low-noise magnetometry. In addition, the magnetometer electronics comprise a 4-channel transmitter chip, which can provide currents up to 412 mApp into a custom-designed inductor over a wide frequency range from 6.4 to 8 GHz. In combination with a custom-designed coil, manufactured on a glass substrate for optical transparency, which features a large active area of ( $ 180 180~m^2$ ), this current is sufficient to produce strong MW magnetic fields up to $B_1 = (1/2) B_ac = 170~T$ , enabling pulsed optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) experiments. In proof-of-concept ODMR experiments, the presented chip-based spin control system produces fast Rabi oscillations of 5.49 MHz. The measured dc and ac magnetic field limits of detection (LOD) of the presented magnetometer are 32 nT/Hz $^1/2$ and 300 pT/Hz $^1/2$ , respectively.

@article{10409187, abstract = {Quantum sensors based on solid-state defects, such as the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, offer very good room-temperature sensitivity, long-term stability, and the potential for calibration-free measurements. However, most quantum sensors still suffer from a bulky size and weight, low energy efficiency, and high costs, prohibiting their widespread use. Here, we present custom-designed chip-integrated microwave (MW) electronics for a miniaturized, low-cost, and highly scalable quantum magnetometer based on NV centers in diamond. The presented electronics include a quadrature phase-locked loop (QPLL) chip to generate the required local oscillator signal at around 7 GHz with a wide tuning range of 22% and a low phase noise (PN) of −122 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset from a 7-GHz carrier for broadband low-noise magnetometry. In addition, the magnetometer electronics comprise a 4-channel transmitter chip, which can provide currents up to 412 mApp into a custom-designed inductor over a wide frequency range from 6.4 to 8 GHz. In combination with a custom-designed coil, manufactured on a glass substrate for optical transparency, which features a large active area of ( $\pi { \times } 180 { \times }180~\mu \text {m}^{2}$ ), this current is sufficient to produce strong MW magnetic fields up to $B_{{1}} = (1/2) \cdot B_{\text {ac}} = 170~{\mu \mathrm {T}}$ , enabling pulsed optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) experiments. In proof-of-concept ODMR experiments, the presented chip-based spin control system produces fast Rabi oscillations of 5.49 MHz. The measured dc and ac magnetic field limits of detection (LOD) of the presented magnetometer are 32 nT/Hz $^{\text {1/2}}$ and 300 pT/Hz $^{\text {1/2}}$ , respectively.}, added-at = {2024-05-24T11:07:59.000+0200}, author = {Lotfi, Hadi and Kern, Michal and Yang, Qing and Unden, Thomas and Striegler, Nico and Scharpf, Jochen and Schalberger, Patrick and Stöhr, Rainer and Schwartz, Ilai and Neumann, Philipp and Anders, Jens}, biburl = {https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/2bd4e816112d48e59d56e5ac8dd11c1b4/iis}, doi = {10.1109/JSSC.2024.3350995}, interhash = {b150367ec04da9f1fb3567ded666f913}, intrahash = {bd4e816112d48e59d56e5ac8dd11c1b4}, issn = {1558-173X}, journal = {IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits}, keywords = {myown}, month = may, number = 5, pages = {1421-1432}, timestamp = {2024-05-24T11:07:59.000+0200}, title = {A Four-Channel BiCMOS Transmitter for a Quantum Magnetometer Based on Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond}, volume = 59, year = 2024 }