{ "types" : { "Bookmark" : { "pluralLabel" : "Bookmarks" }, "Publication" : { "pluralLabel" : "Publications" }, "GoldStandardPublication" : { "pluralLabel" : "GoldStandardPublications" }, "GoldStandardBookmark" : { "pluralLabel" : "GoldStandardBookmarks" }, "Tag" : { "pluralLabel" : "Tags" }, "User" : { "pluralLabel" : "Users" }, "Group" : { "pluralLabel" : "Groups" }, "Sphere" : { "pluralLabel" : "Spheres" } }, "properties" : { "count" : { "valueType" : "number" }, "date" : { "valueType" : "date" }, "changeDate" : { "valueType" : "date" }, "url" : { "valueType" : "url" }, "id" : { "valueType" : "url" }, "tags" : { "valueType" : "item" }, "user" : { "valueType" : "item" } }, "items" : [ { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/24dfc0cec7fa6a8cc6128c675f1e1a99c/jmueller", "tags" : [ "analysis","automated","chain,","components,","concrete","functionally","graded","parameter","process","sobek" ], "intraHash" : "4dfc0cec7fa6a8cc6128c675f1e1a99c", "interHash" : "2e54d46c233d1e7b1a6b407b5fd5b92b", "label" : "Implantate für Bauteile aus UHFFB", "user" : "jmueller", "description" : "", "date" : "2023-11-27 15:10:57", "changeDate" : "2023-11-27 15:10:57", "count" : 1, "pub-type": "inproceedings", "booktitle": "3. DAfStb-Jahrestagung mit 56. Forschungskolloquium, 11.-12. November 2015, Stuttgart","address":"Stuttgart", "year": "2015", "url": "", "author": [ "Jan Mittelstädt","Werner Sobek" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Mittelstädt"}, {"first" : "Werner", "last" : "Sobek"} ], "pages": "31--38","abstract": "Der materiellen Entwicklung des ultrahochfesten Betons (UHFB) folgend wurde am ILEK der Universität Stuttgart eine punktuelle Fügetechnik für dünnwandige Bauteile aus faserbewehrtem UHFB mittels Einbauateilen, sogenannten Implantaten, entwickelt. Den baupraktisch relevanten Vorteilen dieser punktuellen Fügetechnik steht ihr spezifischer Nachteil entgegen, das Auftreten von Spannungskonzentrationen im Bereich der Fügung. Der Fokus bei der Entwicklung der Implantate lag daher darauf, durch deren geometrische, materielle und konstruktive Ausbildung die resultierenden Spannungskonzentrationen im Bereich der Fügestelle so zu manipulieren, dass die materiellen Eigenschaften der zu fügenden UHFFB-Bauteile maximal ausgenutzt und damit hohe Lasten abgetragen werden können.", "bibtexKey": "mittelstadt_implantate_2015" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/2a3d6b9e9d1de68c1681164136e25d64f/jmueller", "tags" : [ "analysis","automated","chain,","components,","concrete","functionally","graded","parameter","process","sobek" ], "intraHash" : "a3d6b9e9d1de68c1681164136e25d64f", "interHash" : "b6bc03c5bb152432a010244870171c57", "label" : "Übersicht über die Forschungen am ILEK im Bereich Leichtbau", "user" : "jmueller", "description" : "", "date" : "2023-11-27 15:10:57", "changeDate" : "2023-11-27 15:10:57", "count" : 1, "pub-type": "inproceedings", "booktitle": "3. DAfStb-Jahrestagung mit 56. Forschungskolloquium, 11.-12. November 2015, Stuttgart","address":"Stuttgart", "year": "2015", "url": "", "author": [ "Werner Sobek","Walter Haase" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Werner", "last" : "Sobek"}, {"first" : "Walter", "last" : "Haase"} ], "pages": "9--14","abstract": "Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Forschungsbereiche und Tätigkeiten am Institut für Leichtbau Entwerfen und Konstruieren (ILEK) im Bereich Leichtbau. In nachfolgenden Beiträgen werden einige der diesbezüglichen Forschungsprojekte detaillierter dargestellt.", "bibtexKey": "sobek_ubersicht_2015" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/2177e5a5d2a325077776c957d4a804e24/jmueller", "tags" : [ "absorption,","behaviour","biomimetic","concrete,","energy","engineering,","failure","functionally","graceful","graded","sea","sobek","spine,","urchin" ], "intraHash" : "177e5a5d2a325077776c957d4a804e24", "interHash" : "c27e19305890019095eaff9e0e253f3c", "label" : "Energy absorption in functionally graded concrete bioinspired by sea urchin spines", "user" : "jmueller", "description" : "", "date" : "2023-11-27 15:10:57", "changeDate" : "2023-11-27 15:10:57", "count" : 1, "pub-type": "article", "journal": "Journal of Bionic Engineering", "year": "2017", "url": "", "author": [ "Nicu Toader","Werner Sobek","Klaus G. Nickel" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Nicu", "last" : "Toader"}, {"first" : "Werner", "last" : "Sobek"}, {"first" : "Klaus G.", "last" : "Nickel"} ], "volume": "14","number": "2","pages": "369--378","abstract": "Functionally Graded Concrete (FGC) is fabricated at the Institute for Lightweight Structures and Conceptual Design (ILEK) by using a layer-by-layer technique with two different technological procedures: casting and dry spraying. Functional gradations are developed from two reference mixtures with diametrically opposed characteristics in terms of density, porosity, compression strength and elasticity modulus. In this study the first mixture consists of Normal Density Concrete (NDC), with density about 2160 kg·m−3 while the second mixture helps to obtain a very lightweight concrete, with density about 830 kg·m−3. The FGC specimens have layers with different alternating porosities and provide superior deformability capacity under bulk compression compared to NDC specimens. In addition, the FGC specimens experienced a graceful failure behaviour, absorbing high amounts of energy during extended compression paths. The porosity variation inside the layout of tested specimens is inspired by the internal structure of sea urchin spines of heterocentrotus mammillatus, a promising role model for energy absorption in biomimetic engineering.", "issn" : "1672-6529", "doi" : "10.1016/S1672-6529(16)60405-5", "bibtexKey": "toader_energy_2017" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/2a81ba6dcea6d4f3013b093ff767d9b01/jmueller", "tags" : [ "analysis","automated","chain,","components,","concrete","functionally","graded","parameter","process","sobek" ], "intraHash" : "a81ba6dcea6d4f3013b093ff767d9b01", "interHash" : "9815a7036c2bf4ba34381b73f528908a", "label" : "Prototype of an adaptive glass façade with vertically prestressed cables", "user" : "jmueller", "description" : "", "date" : "2023-11-27 15:10:57", "changeDate" : "2023-11-27 15:10:57", "count" : 1, "pub-type": "inproceedings", "booktitle": "Engineered Transparency 2016: Glass in Architecture and Structural Engineering, September 20-21, 2016, Düsseldorf", "year": "2016", "url": "", "author": [ "Christine Flaig","Walter Haase","Michael Heidingsfeld","Werner Sobek" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Christine", "last" : "Flaig"}, {"first" : "Walter", "last" : "Haase"}, {"first" : "Michael", "last" : "Heidingsfeld"}, {"first" : "Werner", "last" : "Sobek"} ], "pages": "213--222","abstract": "This paper discusses a prototype of an adaptive glass façade. The load-bearing structure of the 4.9 m high façade consists of double cables. Horizontal deflections are reduced by placing active components in between two vertical cable lines. These components are acting in the direction perpendicular\nto the cable axis resulting in a decrease of required prestressing forces and thus reducing the amount of material in the structure. The paper focuses on the structure and the functions of the adaptive façade.", "bibtexKey": "flaig_prototype_2016" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/247a83abe481d8838d49993eb7049d74f/jmueller", "tags" : [ "analysis","automated","chain,","components,","concrete","functionally","graded","parameter","process","sobek" ], "intraHash" : "47a83abe481d8838d49993eb7049d74f", "interHash" : "084aa31c4f107f0cfa1113090a0b2db0", "label" : "Herstellung von Freiform-Betonbauteilen mittels einer gefrorenen Schalung aus Wasser und Sand", "user" : "jmueller", "description" : "", "date" : "2023-11-27 15:10:57", "changeDate" : "2023-11-27 15:10:57", "count" : 1, "pub-type": "inproceedings", "booktitle": "3. DAfStb-Jahrestagung mit 56. Forschungskolloquium, 11.-12. November 2015, Stuttgart","address":"Stuttgart", "year": "2015", "url": "", "author": [ "Oliver Gericke","Walter Haase","Werner Sobek" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Oliver", "last" : "Gericke"}, {"first" : "Walter", "last" : "Haase"}, {"first" : "Werner", "last" : "Sobek"} ], "pages": "23--30","abstract": "Die Herstellung von Freiform-Betonbauteilen erfordert meist eine große Menge nicht wiederverwendbarer Schalungsmaterialien. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird eine neu entwickelte Methode für die abfallfreie Produktion frei geformter Betonbauteile auf einer gefrorenen Schalung aus Wasser und Sand vorgestellt. Im festen, gefrorenen Zustand kann die Schalung unter Zuhilfenahme von CAM-Methoden gräzise in annähernd beliebige Schalungsgeometrien überführt werden. Nach dem Aushärten der Bauteile kann das Schalungsmaterial durch Auftauen vollständig zurückgewonnen und beliebig oft wiederverwendet werden. Zusätzlich zur Beschreibung der Methode werden exemplarischen Bauteile vorgestellt und deren Formtreue und Qualität diskutiert.", "bibtexKey": "gericke_herstellung_2015" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/292b33c6475490f0583c8b75f9b29dc07/jmueller", "tags" : [ "concrete","concrete,","constructions,","design,","efficiency","functionally","graded","lightweight","materials,","multifunctionality","of","optimization,","resources,","sobek","structural" ], "intraHash" : "92b33c6475490f0583c8b75f9b29dc07", "interHash" : "eddb9368f9853ab8e64cb408c727b7a9", "label" : "Design and manufacturing of optimal structures made from functionally graded concrete", "user" : "jmueller", "description" : "", "date" : "2023-11-27 15:10:57", "changeDate" : "2023-11-27 15:10:57", "count" : 1, "pub-type": "inproceedings", "booktitle": "Future Visions, IASS Symposium, August 17-20, 2015, Amsterdam, The Netherlands", "year": "2015", "url": "", "author": [ "Michael Herrmann","Claudia Wolf","Werner Sobek" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Michael", "last" : "Herrmann"}, {"first" : "Claudia", "last" : "Wolf"}, {"first" : "Werner", "last" : "Sobek"} ], "pages": "Paper 500575","abstract": "Functional gradation of concrete elements makes it possible to align the internal behaviour of structural components with the specified structural and thermal performance requirements by manipulating the characteristics of the material, including its porosity, strength or rigidity, in up to three spatial dimensions. This principle can be applied to minimise the mass of the element and to create multi-functional properties. For instance, both the mass and the CO2 emissions of components in bending can be reduced significantly by using more lightweight concrete mixes in areas subject to comparatively small loads. Multi-functional, single-material elements open up another promising field of use.\nFunctional gradation begins in the field of concrete technology where two extreme reference mixes with diametrically opposed characteristics are developed. During production, layered placement and shotcreting processes make it possible to implement the entire range of properties between the two reference mixes. Structural components can be manufactured in a reproducible manner due to the automated control of the manufacturing process and the use of a multi-axial manipulator.\nAutomated production is preceded by the design of elements with graded densities. Structural optimisation methods are applied to achieve an optimal distribution of materials and characteristics within the structural component, which is also referred to as \u201Cgradation layout\u201D. Numerical optimisation relies on numerical modelling of structural components, assuming a non-linear material behaviour. As part of the structural optimisation process, topology optimisation aims to achieve optimal material distribution within a defined design space. Certain portions of the material are either removed or shifted during the individual optimisation cycles. As far as reasonably possible, the remaining structure is utilised fully under a given loading. The material distribution strategy developed for this purpose is based on adjusting the SIMP (Solid Isotropic Material with Penalisation) approach to real-life concrete parameters. The developed numerical design methods provide the robot with a gradation layout, which is a digital blueprint for the manufacture of such components.", "bibtexKey": "herrmann_design_2015" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/2cef99ee37051e2fa9acd186be8c55f7f/jmueller", "tags" : [ "Structural","behavior,","concrete","concrete,","construction,","efficiency,","functionally","graded","lightweight","materials,","multifunctionality","optimization,","resistance,","resource","shear","sobek","structural","technology," ], "intraHash" : "cef99ee37051e2fa9acd186be8c55f7f", "interHash" : "eaa2580feb3f57df507d43aee7e60117", "label" : "Functionally graded concrete: numerical design methods and experimental tests of mass-optimized structural components", "user" : "jmueller", "description" : "", "date" : "2023-11-27 15:10:57", "changeDate" : "2023-11-27 15:10:57", "count" : 2, "pub-type": "article", "journal": "Structural Concrete", "year": "2017", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/suco.201600011/abstract", "author": [ "Michael Herrmann","Werner Sobek" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Michael", "last" : "Herrmann"}, {"first" : "Werner", "last" : "Sobek"} ], "volume": "18","number": "1","pages": "54--66","abstract": "Functional gradation of concrete elements makes it possible to align the internal composition of structural components with specific structural and thermal performance requirements. This alignment is made possible by continuously altering the characteristics of the material, including its porosity, strength, or rigidity, in up to 3 spatial dimensions. This principle can be applied to minimize the mass of the element and to create multifunctional properties. Numerical design methods are used to develop the gradation layout that serves as a digital blueprint for such components. This paper describes tests performed on functionally graded beams. These tests have made it possible to derive conclusions with respect to the elements\u2019 structural behavior. These tests also allow for a precise assessment of the weight savings that can potentially be achieved compared with structural components made from normal concrete. Test results were subsequently replicated by numerical simulations. The models calibrated in this step have established the basis to develop numerical design methods that rely on the principle of topology optimization.", "issn" : "1751-7648", "doi" : "10.1002/suco.201600011", "urldate" : "2017-04-05", "bibtexKey": "herrmann_functionally_2017" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/27eb9c7ddbc8545d2178bcdbda2a602d3/jmueller", "tags" : [ "analysis","automated","chain,","components,","concrete","functionally","graded","parameter","process","sobek" ], "intraHash" : "7eb9c7ddbc8545d2178bcdbda2a602d3", "interHash" : "3f8c97a50204a6253612ccf09220a317", "label" : "Dichteanpassbare Betongemische für das Trockenspritzen von gradierten Bauteilen", "user" : "jmueller", "description" : "", "date" : "2023-11-27 15:10:57", "changeDate" : "2023-11-27 15:10:57", "count" : 1, "pub-type": "inproceedings", "booktitle": "3. DAfStb-Jahrestagung mit 56. Forschungskolloquium, 11.-12. November 2015, Stuttgart","address":"Stuttgart", "year": "2015", "url": "", "author": [ "Sören Sippel","Mark Wörner","Daniel Schmeer","Oliver Sawodny","Werner Sobek","Harald Garrecht" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Sören", "last" : "Sippel"}, {"first" : "Mark", "last" : "Wörner"}, {"first" : "Daniel", "last" : "Schmeer"}, {"first" : "Oliver", "last" : "Sawodny"}, {"first" : "Werner", "last" : "Sobek"}, {"first" : "Harald", "last" : "Garrecht"} ], "pages": "137--143", "bibtexKey": "sippel_dichteanpassbare_2015" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/290ce2b3e2254a99e96237c922488ef1f/jmueller", "tags" : [ "analysis","automated","chain,","components,","concrete","functionally","graded","parameter","process","sobek" ], "intraHash" : "90ce2b3e2254a99e96237c922488ef1f", "interHash" : "3f717da2586b06c5f2ae3111f26ea94c", "label" : "Entwurf und automatisierte Herstellung von Bauteilen aus funktional gradiertem Beton", "user" : "jmueller", "description" : "", "date" : "2023-11-27 15:10:57", "changeDate" : "2023-11-27 15:10:57", "count" : 1, "pub-type": "inproceedings", "booktitle": "3. DAfStb-Jahrestagung mit 56. Forschungskolloquium, 11.-12. November 2015, Stuttgart","address":"Stuttgart", "year": "2015", "url": "", "author": [ "Daniel Schmeer","Michael Herrmann","Mark Wörner","Sören Sippel","Oliver Sawodny","Harald Garrecht","Werner Sobek" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Daniel", "last" : "Schmeer"}, {"first" : "Michael", "last" : "Herrmann"}, {"first" : "Mark", "last" : "Wörner"}, {"first" : "Sören", "last" : "Sippel"}, {"first" : "Oliver", "last" : "Sawodny"}, {"first" : "Harald", "last" : "Garrecht"}, {"first" : "Werner", "last" : "Sobek"} ], "pages": "15--22","abstract": "Durch eine funktionale Gradierung kann die innere Struktur von Bauteilen entsprechend den jeweils gegebenen statischen und /oder bauphysikalischen Anforderungen optimiert werden. Hierdurch entstehen Optimalstrukturen mit einem Minimum an Gewicht und folglich auch mit reduziertem Ressourcen- und Energieverbrauch. Die Definition der statischen Anforderungen im Bauteil wird mit Hilfe numerischer entwurfsmethoden bestimmt. Hieraus ergibt sich das sogenannte Gradientenlayout als digitaler Bauplan, der dem Applikationssystem übergeben werden kann. Die Entwicklung zweier Basismischungen mit stark unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften bildet die betontechnologische Grundlage zur automatisierten Herstellung von funktional gradierten Betonbauteilen. Mit der Gradietensprühtechnik kann das gesamte Eigenschaftsspektrum zwischen den beiden Basismischungen abgebildet werden. Eine automatisierte Prozesssteuerung und -regelung der Betontechnologie und die gezielte Materialapplikation mit einem Mahrachsmanipulator stellen die exakte Reproduzierbarkeit der Bauteile sicher.", "bibtexKey": "schmeer_entwurf_2015" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/25849098be729e81c378d4779af9ea135/jmueller", "tags" : [ "analysis","automated","chain,","components,","concrete","functionally","graded","parameter","process","sobek" ], "intraHash" : "5849098be729e81c378d4779af9ea135", "interHash" : "a1eaf9a00797beed4f5736a8230f8022", "label" : "Building Doha - Qatars iconic façade projects", "user" : "jmueller", "description" : "", "date" : "2023-11-27 15:10:57", "changeDate" : "2023-11-27 15:10:57", "count" : 1, "pub-type": "inproceedings", "booktitle": "Engineered Transparency 2016: Glass in Architecture and Structural Engineering, September 20-21, 2016, Düsseldorf", "year": "2016", "url": "", "author": [ "Thomas Winterstetter","Lucio Blandini","Werner Sobek" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Thomas", "last" : "Winterstetter"}, {"first" : "Lucio", "last" : "Blandini"}, {"first" : "Werner", "last" : "Sobek"} ], "pages": "309--316", "bibtexKey": "winterstetter_building_2016" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/24f3b06d3ea61b7eb0e8595ff0996e070/jmueller", "tags" : [ "analysis","automated","chain,","components,","concrete","functionally","graded","parameter","process","sobek" ], "intraHash" : "4f3b06d3ea61b7eb0e8595ff0996e070", "interHash" : "81761c39321b719f3a805582dfbdc83c", "label" : "Sustainable tall buildings - some introductory remarks", "user" : "jmueller", "description" : "", "date" : "2023-11-27 15:10:57", "changeDate" : "2023-11-27 15:10:57", "count" : 1, "pub-type": "inproceedings", "booktitle": "Tall & Green: Typology for a Sustainable Urban Future, 8th CTBUH World Congress, March 3-5, 2008, Dubai, UAE", "year": "2008", "url": "", "author": [ "Werner Sobek","Heiko Trumpf" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Werner", "last" : "Sobek"}, {"first" : "Heiko", "last" : "Trumpf"} ], "pages": "114--119","abstract": "This paper considers the basic requirements neede to achieve truly sustainable buildings. It discusses possible ways of modifying the cooperation between all project partners responsible for the implementation of a green design. It further identifies the concept of triple zero as a new approach towards vital ecological issues. The paper also proposes a new certification procedure offering a comprehensive assessment and classification of sustainable tall buildings.", "bibtexKey": "sobek_sustainable_2008" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/222d8b11ae7c621c1e6415fe3fc71f397/jmueller", "tags" : [ "analysis","automated","chain,","components,","concrete","functionally","graded","parameter","process","sobek" ], "intraHash" : "22d8b11ae7c621c1e6415fe3fc71f397", "interHash" : "6b766718b5ad497051181372e1e1f700", "label" : "Optimalstrukturen aus funktional gradiertem Beton - Entwurf, Berechnung und automatisierte Herstellung", "user" : "jmueller", "description" : "", "date" : "2023-11-27 15:10:57", "changeDate" : "2023-11-27 15:10:57", "count" : 1, "pub-type": "inproceedings", "booktitle": "1. DAfStb-Jahrestagung mit 54. Forschungskolloquium, 07.-08. November 2013, Bochum","address":"Bochum", "year": "2013", "url": "", "author": [ "Michael Herrmann","Jan Mittelstädt","Mark Wörner","Sören Sippel","Werner Sobek","Oliver Sawodny","Hans-Wolf Reinhardt" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Michael", "last" : "Herrmann"}, {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Mittelstädt"}, {"first" : "Mark", "last" : "Wörner"}, {"first" : "Sören", "last" : "Sippel"}, {"first" : "Werner", "last" : "Sobek"}, {"first" : "Oliver", "last" : "Sawodny"}, {"first" : "Hans-Wolf", "last" : "Reinhardt"} ], "pages": "41--46", "bibtexKey": "herrmann_optimalstrukturen_2013" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/2db318c635a0a6849a5ecc477653d070f/jmueller", "tags" : [ "analysis","automated","chain,","components,","concrete","functionally","graded","parameter","process","sobek" ], "intraHash" : "db318c635a0a6849a5ecc477653d070f", "interHash" : "46fd4db90b56ab864e1d61160b3146a5", "label" : "Automated spraying of functionally graded concrete components - Analysis of the process parameters", "user" : "jmueller", "description" : "", "date" : "2023-11-27 15:10:57", "changeDate" : "2023-11-27 15:10:57", "count" : 1, "pub-type": "inproceedings", "booktitle": "Future Visions, IASS Symposium, August 17-20, 2015, Amsterdam, The Netherlands", "year": "2015", "url": "", "author": [ "Mark Wörner","Sören Sippel","Daniel Schmeer","Harald Garrecht","Werner Sobek","Oliver Sawodny" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Mark", "last" : "Wörner"}, {"first" : "Sören", "last" : "Sippel"}, {"first" : "Daniel", "last" : "Schmeer"}, {"first" : "Harald", "last" : "Garrecht"}, {"first" : "Werner", "last" : "Sobek"}, {"first" : "Oliver", "last" : "Sawodny"} ], "pages": "Paper 501665","abstract": "Graded concrete components exhibit the beneficial property of adaptive material characteristics and, therefore, can be customized for predominant load profile in terms of structure or building-physical requirements. Functionally grading the components interior through a continuously variable alteration of the porosity can be employed to minimise the mass and to attain multifunctional characteristics. A complete automation of the process chain from the design to the manufacturing of functionally graded concrete components is developed currently in an interdisciplinary cooperation by the Institutes for System Dynamics (ISYS), Construction Materials (IWB) and Lightweight Structures and Conceptual Design (ILEK) at the University of Stuttgart, see [1], [2]. The joint research project \u201EOptimal structures made from functionally graded concrete\u201D is part of the major German Research Foundation Programme 1542 \u201ELightweight construction with concrete\u201C. The starting point in grading is the technological development of two concrete reference mixes with contrary characteristics. By employing dry spraying as manufacturing procedure the entire range of characteristics between the oppositional reference mixes can be obtained. Construction components can be produced in an automated manufacturing procedure combined with a suitable process control by applying the concrete with a multi-axis manipulator. However, the material technology, the application technique, and the overall machine concept for the spray concrete technique influence the manufacturing procedure of the functionally graded concrete construction components in a major way. Moreover, these factors have decisive effects on the quality of the sprayed concrete, its rebound behavior and the dust formation. In the following, a detailed analysis of the process determining parameters (i.e. the quantity of supplied air, the type of water supply or the nozzle position and movement) is presented, especially with regard to reproducible component production.", "bibtexKey": "worner_automated_2015" } ] }