{ "types" : { "Bookmark" : { "pluralLabel" : "Bookmarks" }, "Publication" : { "pluralLabel" : "Publications" }, "GoldStandardPublication" : { "pluralLabel" : "GoldStandardPublications" }, "GoldStandardBookmark" : { "pluralLabel" : "GoldStandardBookmarks" }, "Tag" : { "pluralLabel" : "Tags" }, "User" : { "pluralLabel" : "Users" }, "Group" : { "pluralLabel" : "Groups" }, "Sphere" : { "pluralLabel" : "Spheres" } }, "properties" : { "count" : { "valueType" : "number" }, "date" : { "valueType" : "date" }, "changeDate" : { "valueType" : "date" }, "url" : { "valueType" : "url" }, "id" : { "valueType" : "url" }, "tags" : { "valueType" : "item" }, "user" : { "valueType" : "item" } }, "items" : [ { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/20ef15dba4aab4c6ab2a46269a05f990f/itke", "tags" : [ "segmented","develpment","engineering","shell","system","structural","itke","2025","timber","bechert" ], "intraHash" : "0ef15dba4aab4c6ab2a46269a05f990f", "interHash" : "9da2d51483d44283efd76fa966ca6884", "label" : "Structural Development of Semented Timber Shell Systems", "user" : "itke", "description" : "", "date" : "2026-01-13 16:31:40", "changeDate" : "2026-01-13 16:32:04", "count" : 2, "pub-type": "phdthesis", "series": "Forschungsberichte aus dem Institut für Tragkonstruktionen und Konstruktives Entwerfen, Universität Stuttgart","publisher":"Institut für Tragkonstruktionen und Konstruktives Entwerfen, Universität Stuttgart","address":"Stuttgart", "year": "2025", "url": "", "author": [ "Simon Bechert" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Simon", "last" : "Bechert"} ], "volume": "51","pages": "349","abstract": "In response to the growing global challenges of climate change, resource scarcity, and urbanisation, there is an increasing demand for sustainable and material-efficient building systems. Segmented timber shell systems offer a promising solution by combining modularity,structural lightness, and the efficient use of renewable materials\r\nwith advanced digital design and fabrication technologies.\r\nThis dissertation develops an integrative structural design methodology to advance segmented timber shells as viable solutions for large-span architecture.\r\nChapter one introduces the research motivation and context,establishing the relevance of segmented timber shells as a future-oriented building system. Chapter two reviews the state of the art, tracing the evolution of shell structures and highlighting the potential of modular, lightweight timber construction within\r\nsustainable architecture. Segmented timber shells synergise these fields as a contemporary alternative in the context of an evolving built environment.\r\nChapter three formulates three Research Objectives (ROs) addressing key challenges in the design, engineering, and construction of segmented timber shells. These objectives form the basis for the Research Methods (RM1\u2013RM3) outlined in chapter four,which translate them into fundamental developments and innovations\r\nfor integrative structural design of segmented timber shell systems.\r\nThe core contributions are documented in peer-reviewed publications, each supported by full-scale demonstrators: the ITECH Research Demonstrator 2015\u201316, the Urbach Tower, the BUGA Wood Pavilion, and the livMatS Biomimetic Shell. Chapter five summarises these publications and their contributions to the\r\noverarching research framework.Chapter six discusses the research results (RR1\u2013RR3), demonstrating the structural viability, life cycle performance, and industrial scalability of segmented timber shells. The work shows how interdisciplinary co-design, performance-driven structural assessment, nd automated prefabrication strategies enable the realisation of modular, lightweight timber shell structures.\r\nFinally, chapter seven concludes with a critical reflection on the contributions and limitations of the research and outlines the future potential of segmented timber shells in large-scale architectural applications, bridging the gap between experimental\r\nresearch and construction practice.", "isbn" : "978-3-922302-51-3", "language" : "eng", "bibtexKey": "bechert2025structural" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/267e8404fbc10f975ea15471aa7afa70e/itke", "tags" : [ "groenevolt","alvarez","sonntag","wagner","Lightweight","aldinger","segmented","Bundesgartenschau","knippers","engineering","shell","2019","BUGA","Heilbronn","itke","krieg","timber","menges","bechert" ], "intraHash" : "67e8404fbc10f975ea15471aa7afa70e", "interHash" : "f286722941aaf120f329a8b37a694087", "label" : "Lightweight segmented timber shell for the Bundesgartenschau 2019 in Heilbronn", "user" : "itke", "description" : "", "date" : "2025-06-11 13:17:47", "changeDate" : "2025-06-11 13:17:47", "count" : 3, "pub-type": "inproceedings", "booktitle": "Form and Force: Proceedings of the International Association for Spactial Structures Annual Symposia 2019 Barcelona", "year": "2019", "url": "", "author": [ "Daniel Sonntag","Lotte Aldinger","Simon Bechert","Martin Alvarez","Abel Groenewolt","Oliver-David Krieg","Hans Jakob Wagner","Jan Knippers","Achim Menges" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Daniel", "last" : "Sonntag"}, {"first" : "Lotte", "last" : "Aldinger"}, {"first" : "Simon", "last" : "Bechert"}, {"first" : "Martin", "last" : "Alvarez"}, {"first" : "Abel", "last" : "Groenewolt"}, {"first" : "Oliver-David", "last" : "Krieg"}, {"first" : "Hans Jakob", "last" : "Wagner"}, {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Knippers"}, {"first" : "Achim", "last" : "Menges"} ], "number": "October","pages": "1--8","abstract": "Segmented timber shells offer the possibility of constructing long span, double curved shell structures efficiently and economically. This was demonstrated with the Landesgartenschau Exhibition Hall 2014 in Schwäbisch Gmünd [1], a prefabricated segmented timber shell made of planar beech plywood plates. However, the application of this construction method for larger spans and more general shell geometries requires further technical development of the construction system, of its associated fabrication methods, and of the methods for form finding and optimisation. This paper presents the development and construction of the wood pavilion for the Bundesgartenschau (Federal garden exhibition, BUGA) 2019 in Heilbronn, which translates these technical developments into practice. Solid timber panels were replaced by a recently developed multi-layer cassette system. The 376 geometrically unique elements of the multi-layer segmented shell were produced of spruce laminated veneer lumber plates, which were assembled, glued, and milled in a fully automated process by two collaborative industrial robots. The shell segments are connected using a combination of the previously established CNC-milled finger-joints [2] as well as regularly spaced steel bolts. Custom design and analysis tools were developed, in order to manage varying material thicknesses, spacing of fasteners and geometric details of the connections between adjacent segments.", "venue" : "Barcelona", "eventdate" : "7.-10.10.2019", "eventtitle" : "IASS Annual Symposium 2019 \u2013 Structural Membranes 2019", "file" : ":C\\:/Users/ac128044/Google Drive/ICD_Wagner/01_Publikationen/PUBLICATION_COLLECTION/2019_IASS.pdf:pdf", "bibtexKey": "Sonntag2019" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/269c00823335f2b52a32b3a9d7cc857fa/itke", "tags" : [ "environmental","göbel","2024","knippers","quality","wortmann","the","itke","Biomimetic","fabrication","constructions","sawodny","menges","case","study","leistner","wagner","opgenorth","robotic","Shell","schlopschnat","skoury","bairi","stark","lauer","design","livMatS","timber","wood","Computational","treml","bechert" ], "intraHash" : "69c00823335f2b52a32b3a9d7cc857fa", "interHash" : "292770d0d737f584adb8c49a193af975", "label" : "Computational design and robotic fabrication for high environmental quality timber constructions: the livMatS Biomimetic Shell case study", "user" : "itke", "description" : "", "date" : "2025-06-11 13:09:40", "changeDate" : "2025-06-11 13:09:40", "count" : 9, "pub-type": "dataset", "publisher":"DaRUS", "year": "2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.18419/darus-4434", "author": [ "Roberta Di Bari","Anja Patricia Regina Lauer","Christoph Schlopschnat","Simon Treml","Nils Opgenorth","Lior Skoury","Tim Stark","Simon Bechert","Monika Göbel","Hans Jakob Wagner","Dylan Wood","Philip Leistner","Jan Knippers","Achim Menges","Oliver Sawodny","Thomas Wortmann" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Roberta", "last" : "Di Bari"}, {"first" : "Anja Patricia Regina", "last" : "Lauer"}, {"first" : "Christoph", "last" : "Schlopschnat"}, {"first" : "Simon", "last" : "Treml"}, {"first" : "Nils", "last" : "Opgenorth"}, {"first" : "Lior", "last" : "Skoury"}, {"first" : "Tim", "last" : "Stark"}, {"first" : "Simon", "last" : "Bechert"}, {"first" : "Monika", "last" : "Göbel"}, {"first" : "Hans Jakob", "last" : "Wagner"}, {"first" : "Dylan", "last" : "Wood"}, {"first" : "Philip", "last" : "Leistner"}, {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Knippers"}, {"first" : "Achim", "last" : "Menges"}, {"first" : "Oliver", "last" : "Sawodny"}, {"first" : "Thomas", "last" : "Wortmann"} ], "abstract": "The dataset includes the raw data and the corresponding report for the life cycle assessment of the building demonstrator 'livMatS Biomimetic Shell' (Website).The pressure on the construction industry to reduce its environmental impact is leading practitioners to investigate the use of more sustainable materials, such as timber. Still, due to its limited availability, it is questioned to which degree timber could substitute steel and concrete, and strategies to reduce its consumption are necessary. The Cluster of Excellence \u201CIntCDC\u201D investigates novel approachesto sustainable architecture. These exploit integrative computational design and automatic fabrication. These have been showcased in the livMatS Biomimetic Shell, for which a hollow timber cassette has been realized. In this study, the Lifecycle Assessment (LCA) analysis evaluated the developed cassette's environmental profile compared with other functionally equivalent systems. The analyses showed that the livMatS Biomimetic Shell reduced material consumption by 51% and a Global Warming Potential (GWP) 39% lower than conventional timber construction. Optimized fabrication processes allowed for emissions reduction by 60% in comparison with a solid cross-laminated timber box.", "version" : "V1", "bibtexKey": "darus-4434_2024" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/2a3314a2930f8c4c5750746112105f0c1/itke", "tags" : [ "modular","relocation","göbel","gorokhova","segmented","knippers","engineering","shell","circular","structure","itke","fabrication","menges","aicher","robotic","lightweight","assessment","balangé","structural","2025","construction","schwieger","timber","bechert" ], "intraHash" : "a3314a2930f8c4c5750746112105f0c1", "interHash" : "3bcb77135d3940acf326ac917532f269", "label" : "Segmented Timber Shells for Circular Construction: Relocation, Structural Assessment, and Robotic Fabrication of a Modular, Lightweight Timber Structure", "user" : "itke", "description" : "", "date" : "2025-06-11 11:46:41", "changeDate" : "2025-06-11 11:46:41", "count" : 7, "pub-type": "article", "journal": "Buildings", "year": "2025", "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/11/1857", "author": [ "Simon Bechert","Simon Aicher","Lyudmila Gorokhova","Laura Balangé","Monika Göbel","Volker Schwieger","Achim Menges","Jan Knippers" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Simon", "last" : "Bechert"}, {"first" : "Simon", "last" : "Aicher"}, {"first" : "Lyudmila", "last" : "Gorokhova"}, {"first" : "Laura", "last" : "Balangé"}, {"first" : "Monika", "last" : "Göbel"}, {"first" : "Volker", "last" : "Schwieger"}, {"first" : "Achim", "last" : "Menges"}, {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Knippers"} ], "volume": "15","number": "11","abstract": "Segmented timber shells present a novel building system that utilizes modular, planar building components to create lightweight free-form structures in architecture. Recent advancements in the research field of segmented timber shells pursue, among others, two fundamentally opposing research objectives. 1. The modularity of their building components facilitates the reuse of such structures in response to a changing built environment. 2. Advanced developments aim at establishing segmented timber shells as permanent building structures for sustainable architecture. This paper addresses the first research objective through the successful relocation of the BUGA Wood Pavilion in the context of the proposed methodology of Co-Design for circular construction. The methods and results involve integrative design and engineering processes and advanced quality assessment methods, including structural, geodetic, and physical properties for modular timber constructions. The BUGA Wood Pavilion serves as a building demonstrator for the presented research on segmented shells as lightweight, reusable, and durable timber structures.", "issn" : "2075-5309", "article-number" : "1857", "doi" : "10.3390/buildings15111857", "bibtexKey": "buildings15111857" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/2340afc5fafcc77a807e2074ea66f5655/itke", "tags" : [ "modular","finger","sonntag","segmented","knippers","engineering","shell","2021","structure","itke","from:petraheim","fabrication","form-finding","buga","methods","aldinger","joints","heilbronn","plate","robotic","lightweight","integrative","design","optimization","timber","computational","bechert" ], "intraHash" : "340afc5fafcc77a807e2074ea66f5655", "interHash" : "6e81c9dcb5cfe86b6b5e6c16652f2c05", "label" : "Integrative structural design and engineering methods for segmented timber shells : BUGA Wood Pavilion", "user" : "itke", "description" : "", "date" : "2023-03-27 12:30:50", "changeDate" : "2023-05-16 11:39:36", "count" : 5, "pub-type": "article", "journal": "Structures","publisher":"Elsevier", "year": "2021", "url": "", "author": [ "Simon Bechert","Daniel Sonntag","Lotte Aldinger","Jan Knippers" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Simon", "last" : "Bechert"}, {"first" : "Daniel", "last" : "Sonntag"}, {"first" : "Lotte", "last" : "Aldinger"}, {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Knippers"} ], "volume": "34","number": "December","pages": "4814-4833","abstract": "The presented research describes the holistic development of a modular lightweight timber shell. So-called segmented timber shells approximate curved geometries with the use of planar plates, thus combining the excellent structural performance of double curved shells with the resource-efficient prefabrication of timber modules using only planar elements. Segmented timber shells constitute a novel building system that demands for innovative approaches on structural design and construction technologies. The geometric complexity of plate shells in conjunction with the particularities of the building material wood pose great challenges to the computational design and planning processes as structural requirements and fabrication constraints determine the shell design at early design phases. This paper discusses the design development and construction of the BUGA Wood Pavilion: A segmented timber shell structure made of hollow cassette components. Particular\r\nemphasis lies on the technical challenges of the employed building system, notably structural design and analysis, detailing solutions and the construction process. The authors further describe the integrative structural design and optimization methods developed for the timber shell in question. The BUGA Wood Pavilion demonstrates\r\nthe possibilities of lightweight and sustainable wood architecture merging the merits of integrative design, structural engineering and high-tech robotic fabrication methods.", "language" : "eng", "doi" : "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.10.032", "bibtexKey": "bechert2021integrative" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/2d622e52f974e29312c6c7b9c202c5205/itke", "tags" : [ "2021","aag","architecture","bodea","cfrp","christie","components","coreless","coreless-wound","fabrication","fabrication-aware","filigree","from:petraheim","itke","knippers","material","menges","optimisation","shape","shell","slab","solly" ], "intraHash" : "d622e52f974e29312c6c7b9c202c5205", "interHash" : "be8fe74aa26f4d7345880ffaa62a0d40", "label" : "Filigree Shell Slabs: Material and Fabrication-aware Shape Optimisation for CFRP Coreless- wound Slab Components", "user" : "itke", "description" : "", "date" : "2021-07-08 12:44:42", "changeDate" : "2021-07-09 13:01:50", "count" : 4, "pub-type": "inbook", "booktitle": "Advances in Architectural Geometry 2020", "year": "2021", "url": "", "author": [ "Jorge Christie","Serban Bodea","James Solly","Achim Menges","Jan Knippers" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Jorge", "last" : "Christie"}, {"first" : "Serban", "last" : "Bodea"}, {"first" : "James", "last" : "Solly"}, {"first" : "Achim", "last" : "Menges"}, {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Knippers"} ], "editor": [ "O. Baverel","C. Douthe","R. Mesnil","C. Mueller","H. Pottman","T. Tachi" ], "editors": [ {"first" : "O.", "last" : "Baverel"}, {"first" : "C.", "last" : "Douthe"}, {"first" : "R.", "last" : "Mesnil"}, {"first" : "C.", "last" : "Mueller"}, {"first" : "H.", "last" : "Pottman"}, {"first" : "T.", "last" : "Tachi"} ], "pages": "244-263.","abstract": "In recent years, the coreless filament winding (CFW) technique has gained attraction due to its capacity to effectively realize large-scale lightweight building components out of fibre-reinforced composites. However, the sequential nature of its filament- based production process imposes a series of design constraints that restrain the use of this technique in new typologies and applications. The current research introduces a novel shape optimisation-to-fabrication method that expands the scope of CFW to- wards the production of load-bearing components for slabs. A multi-stage workflow is proposed, integrating parametric design, shape optimisation, stress-driven mate- rial layup, and fabrication to ensure a high level of consistency between form and materialization. The research is presented in two phases. The first phase explores the use of shape optimisation to comprehend the underlying logic of shell forms capable of performing under the specific requirements of the slab scenario. The sec- ond phase integrates the inherent conditions of the material, formwork system, and robotic filament winding process into a seamless design-to-manufacturing workflow. The research resulted in a 10.2 kg prototype of a slab load-bearing structure that withstood a load of 559 kg while spanning 2.7 m, demonstrating the effectiveness of the approach.", "isbn" : "978-2-85978-540-6", "language" : "eng", "bibtexKey": "jorge2021filigree" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/256f7eeb6dfd39c95c668f124ea0fb989/itke", "tags" : [ "surface-active","knippers","engineering","shell","2021","digital","structure","itke","from:petraheim","fabrication","menges","cross-laminated","curved","folded","Timber","aldinger","crossing-screw","CLT","lightweight","integrative","self-shaping","design","connection","urbach","wood","computational","architecture","bechert","tower" ], "intraHash" : "56f7eeb6dfd39c95c668f124ea0fb989", "interHash" : "aad8f6d70032f2e6ebd1aa44175ecd70", "label" : "Urbach Tower: Integrative structural design of a lightweight structure made of self-shaped curved cross-laminated timber", "user" : "itke", "description" : "", "date" : "2021-07-06 10:40:17", "changeDate" : "2021-07-06 08:40:17", "count" : 6, "pub-type": "article", "journal": "Structures","publisher":"ELSEVIER SCI LTD", "year": "2021", "url": "", "author": [ "Simon Bechert","Lotte Aldinger","Dylan Wood","Jan Knippers","Achim Menges" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Simon", "last" : "Bechert"}, {"first" : "Lotte", "last" : "Aldinger"}, {"first" : "Dylan", "last" : "Wood"}, {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Knippers"}, {"first" : "Achim", "last" : "Menges"} ], "volume": "33","pages": "3667--3681","abstract": "Recent development in research and practice for curved cross-laminated timber (CLT) opens up novel and interesting possibilities for applications of slender surface-active shell structures in architecture. Such typologies provide advantageous structural behaviour allowing for efficient and lightweight structures while simultaneously determine the envelope and space of a building. The high degree of prefabrication combined with a sustainable and renewable building material makes CLT an ecological and economic solution for future construction. This paper presents the design development and construction of the Urbach Tower for the Remstal Gartenschau 2019: a structure made from high curvature CLT components on a building scale. This research contribution illustrates a sophisticated integrative design to construction process emphasizing computational and structural design, fabrication and detailing for curved timber components in complex spatial structures. The authors further explore the structural potential of self-shaped curved CLT investigating the influence of curvature radius on the load-bearing behaviour of the tower structure. The Urbach Tower translates these technical developments into practice arising at the intersection of digital innovation and scientific research.", "language" : "eng", "doi" : "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.06.073", "bibtexKey": "bechert2021urbach" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/20020eae2b770d080d9986e1a193a79d5/itke", "tags" : [ "biomat","dahy","absorption","segmented","acoustic","shell","sustainability","from:petraheim","sustainable","Itke","lignocellulosic-based","post-fabrication","for","functionality","multi","NFRP","design","molding","extrusion","furniture","composites","biocomposites","resin-bath","architecture" ], "intraHash" : "0020eae2b770d080d9986e1a193a79d5", "interHash" : "05e8563d8ef9b99a18af42efff1f34cf", "label" : "Natural Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites (NFRP) Fabricated from Lignocellulosic Fibres for Future Sustainable Architectural Applications, Case Studies: Segmented-Shell Construction, Acoustic Panels, and Furniture", "user" : "itke", "description" : "", "date" : "2020-11-20 14:24:14", "changeDate" : "2020-11-20 13:24:14", "count" : 7, "pub-type": "electronic", "journal": "Sensors","address":"Basel", "year": "2019", "url": "", "author": [ "Hanaa Dahy" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Hanaa", "last" : "Dahy"} ], "volume": "19","number": "3","pages": "738","abstract": "Due to the high amounts of waste generated from the building industry field, it has become essential to search for renewable building materials to be applied in wider and more innovative methods in architecture. One of the materials with the highest potential in this area is natural fibre-reinforced polymers (NFRP), which are also called biocomposites, and are filled or reinforced with annually renewable lignocellulosic fibres. This would permit variable closed material cycles\u2019 scenarios and should decrease the amounts of waste generated in the building industry. Throughout this paper, this discussion will be illustrated through a number of developments and 1:1 mockups fabricated from newly developed lignocellulosic-based biocomposites from both bio-based and non-bio-based thermoplastic and thermoset polymers. Recyclability, closed materials cycles, and design variations with diverse digital fabrication technologies will be discussed in each case. The mock-ups\u2019 concepts, materials\u2019 compositions, and fabrication methods are illustrated. In the first case study, a structural segmented shell construction is developed and constructed. In the second case study, acoustic panels were developed. The final case studies are two types of furniture, where each is developed from a different lignocellulosic-based biocomposite. All of the presented case studies show diverse architectural design possibilities, structural abilities, and physical building characteristics.", "language" : "eng", "doi" : "doi: 10.3390/s19030738", "bibtexKey": "dahy2019natural" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/280750a53841da58bf077174d6a26b426/itke", "tags" : [ "DfD","biomat","bending-active","green","dahy","biomimetic","life-cycle","sustainable","segmented","building","scenarios","shell","digital","materials","itke","from:petraheim","end-of-life","structures","fabrication","architecture" ], "intraHash" : "80750a53841da58bf077174d6a26b426", "interHash" : "8e7a11c23156d8f3578f9456b5442165", "label" : "Materials as a Design Tool\u2019 Design Philosophy Applied in Three Innovative Research Pavilions Out of Sustainable Building Materials with Controlled End-Of-Life Scenarios", "user" : "itke", "description" : "", "date" : "2020-11-20 14:17:25", "changeDate" : "2020-11-20 13:17:25", "count" : 5, "pub-type": "article", "journal": "Buildings", "year": "2019", "url": "", "author": [ "Hanaa Dahy" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Hanaa", "last" : "Dahy"} ], "volume": "9","number": "3","pages": "64","abstract": "Choosing building materials is usually the stage that follows design in the architectural design process, and is rarely used as a main input and driver for the design of the whole building\u2019s geometries or structures. As an approach to have control over the environmental impact of the applied building materials and their after-use scenarios, an approach has been initiated by the author through a series of research studies, architectural built prototypes, and green material developments. This paper illustrates how sustainable building materials can be a main input in the design process, and how digital fabrication technologies can enable variable controlling strategies over the green materials\u2019 properties, enabling adjustable innovative building spaces with new architectural typologies, aesthetic values, and controlled martial life cycles. Through this, a new type of design philosophy by means of applying sustainable building materials with closed life cycles is created. In this paper, three case studies of research pavilions are illustrated. The pavilions were prefabricated and constructed from newly developed sustainable building materials. The applied materials varied between structural and non-structural building materials, where each had a controlled end-of-life scenario. The application of the bio-based building materials was set as an initial design phase, and the architects here participated within two disciplines: once as designers, and additionally as green building material developers. In all three case studies, Design for Deconstruction (DfD) strategies were applied in different manners, encouraging architects to further follow such suggested approaches.", "doi" : "https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings9030064", "bibtexKey": "dahy2019materials" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/23f44e6b0351ce2b2083e413a47e82d49/itke", "tags" : [ "corrugation","funnel","knippers","shell","2019","design","solly","itke","from:petraheim","christie","dynamic","bechert","bending-driven" ], "intraHash" : "3f44e6b0351ce2b2083e413a47e82d49", "interHash" : "303eb129f438438740d1b724cde6e60a", "label" : "Bending-driven Dynamic Corrugation for a Funnel Shell Design", "user" : "itke", "description" : "", "date" : "2020-08-26 14:22:57", "changeDate" : "2020-08-26 12:22:57", "count" : 3, "pub-type": "inproceedings", "booktitle": "Proceedings of the IASS Annual Symposium 2019 \u2013 Structural Membranes 2019","address":"Barcelona, Spain", "year": "2019", "url": "", "author": [ "Jorge Christie","Jonathan James Solly","Simon Bechert","Jan Knippers" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Jorge", "last" : "Christie"}, {"first" : "Jonathan James", "last" : "Solly"}, {"first" : "Simon", "last" : "Bechert"}, {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Knippers"} ], "editor": [ "C. Lázaro","K.-U. Bletzinger","E. Oñate" ], "editors": [ {"first" : "C.", "last" : "Lázaro"}, {"first" : "K.-U.", "last" : "Bletzinger"}, {"first" : "E.", "last" : "Oñate"} ], "pages": "2627\u20132634","abstract": "Funicular shells are known to be an efficient design paradigm for self-weight-driven structural surfaces [1]. Nevertheless, the rules that govern funicularity offer a fairly constrained design spectrum, limiting the scope of application for these structures [2]. The principle of corrugation has proven to be an effective approach to enable efficient structural performance in non-funicular thin shells [3]. The research presented in this paper explores the use of corrugation methods for shells in the context of a computational and structural design workflow. As an extension to existing methods, the authors introduce work on Dynamic Corrugation, a strategy for increasing bending and buckling performance on non-funicular global designs by modulating the undulation of their surfaces according to bending stress distribution.\r\nThe bending-driven dynamic corrugation method was developed during the Form and Structure seminar of the ITECH programme at the University of Stuttgart and was evaluated through the design of a non-funicular funnel shell in textile concrete. The method consists of a two-step Shape Optimization workflow that integrates NURBS-based surface generation with FEA and a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA). In a first step of the design workflow, the initial design surface is analyzed to give its bending energy vector field. This field then serves as the source to generate a modulation curve passing through the areas of peak bending stresses. This curve then regulates the frequency, amplitude, and influence of local bending on the corrugation. The MOGA is given control over these variables and attempts to minimize both bending moment and displacements, offering a wide spectrum of performances and expressions along the emerging Pareto front. Simultaneously, the introduction of local curvature is evaluated on its capacity to improve the buckling resistance and to allow reductions in material thickness. The presented iterative approach is incorporated in a computational design framework. A series of Dynamic Corrugation-optimized shell samples are then compared with the initial non-corrugated design showing great structural (improved bending and buckling resistance), as well as economical and ecological (material savings) potential. Further, the expressive value of dynamically corrugated shells is deemed as a contribution to the aesthetic value of a design proposal for a small infrastructural building.", "language" : "eng", "bibtexKey": "christie2019bendingdriven" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/283ad214b9fee18994f2efc8798f1e367/itke", "tags" : [ "joint","glass","lippert","2012","knippers","engineering","shell","design","itke","optimisation","from:petraheim","pattern","fildhuth","architecture" ], "intraHash" : "83ad214b9fee18994f2efc8798f1e367", "interHash" : "9feea58a2d9fecb5b3e9bb108b9328f2", "label" : "Design and Joint Pattern Optimisation of Glass Shells", "user" : "itke", "description" : "", "date" : "2020-06-02 12:10:18", "changeDate" : "2020-06-02 10:10:18", "count" : 3, "pub-type": "inproceedings", "booktitle": "IASS-ACPS Conference Proceedings","address":"Seoul, Korea", "year": "2012", "url": "", "author": [ "Thiemo Fildhuth","S. Lippert","J Knippers" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Thiemo", "last" : "Fildhuth"}, {"first" : "S.", "last" : "Lippert"}, {"first" : "J", "last" : "Knippers"} ], "editor": [ "International Association for Shell","Spatial Structures" ], "editors": [ {"first" : "International Association", "last" : "for Shell"}, {"first" : "Spatial", "last" : "Structures"} ], "pages": "165 pp", "language" : "eng", "bibtexKey": "fildhuth2012design" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/256fbffaee0341e7a613d9925f0d90959/itke", "tags" : [ "waimer","complex","knippers","shell","hybrid","itke","from:petraheim","2015","composite","construction","novel","architecture" ], "intraHash" : "56fbffaee0341e7a613d9925f0d90959", "interHash" : "6d99a58e0686346b5e01a3d437961cd0", "label" : "A novel hybrid composite construction for complex concrete shells in architecture", "user" : "itke", "description" : "", "date" : "2020-05-22 14:54:10", "changeDate" : "2020-05-22 12:54:10", "count" : 3, "pub-type": "inproceedings", "booktitle": "Proceedings of the IASS Symposium 2015", "year": "2015", "url": "", "author": [ "Frédéric Waimer","Jan Knippers" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Frédéric", "last" : "Waimer"}, {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Knippers"} ], "eventtitle" : "IASS Symposium 2015", "venue" : "Amsterdam", "language" : "eng", "eventdate" : "2015-08-17/2015-08-20", "bibtexKey": "waimer2015novel" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/2d563ec9faf76bc7206aebd63847f152d/itke", "tags" : [ "segmental","knippers","plate","engineering","shell","influence","form","itke","from:petraheim","2015","pattern","li" ], "intraHash" : "d563ec9faf76bc7206aebd63847f152d", "interHash" : "7c94686eb6e0317989f8a5c7808ce32b", "label" : "Pattern and form - their influence on segmental plate shells", "user" : "itke", "description" : "", "date" : "2020-05-22 14:53:42", "changeDate" : "2020-05-22 12:53:42", "count" : 3, "pub-type": "inproceedings", "booktitle": "Proceedings of the IASS Symposium 2015", "year": "2015", "url": "", "author": [ "Jian-Min Li","Jan Knippers" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Jian-Min", "last" : "Li"}, {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Knippers"} ], "eventtitle" : "IASS Symposium 2015", "venue" : "Amsterdam, Netherlands", "language" : "eng", "eventdate" : "2015-08-17/2015-08-20", "bibtexKey": "li2015pattern" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/20c5ebd603ac7a8dd756c660cb13f69b2/itke", "tags" : [ "2019","architecture","biomimetic","bionik","from:petraheim","grun","itke","knippers","menges","nebelsick","schwinn","segmented","shell","sonntag" ], "intraHash" : "0c5ebd603ac7a8dd756c660cb13f69b2", "interHash" : "c84145324efde7612425a2f3de1d6ac3", "label" : "Potential applications of segmented shells in architecture", "user" : "itke", "description" : "", "date" : "2020-05-22 14:29:51", "changeDate" : "2021-07-08 14:47:57", "count" : 5, "pub-type": "inbook", "booktitle": "Biomimetics for Architecture","publisher":"De Gruyter","address":"Berlin, Boston", "year": "2019", "url": "", "author": [ "Tobias Schwinn","Daniel Sonntag","Tobias Grun","James H. Nebelsick","Jan Knippers","Achim Menges" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Tobias", "last" : "Schwinn"}, {"first" : "Daniel", "last" : "Sonntag"}, {"first" : "Tobias", "last" : "Grun"}, {"first" : "James H.", "last" : "Nebelsick"}, {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Knippers"}, {"first" : "Achim", "last" : "Menges"} ], "editor": [ "Jan Knippers","Ulrich Schmid","Thomas Speck" ], "editors": [ {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Knippers"}, {"first" : "Ulrich", "last" : "Schmid"}, {"first" : "Thomas", "last" : "Speck"} ], "pages": "116--125","abstract": "In architectural research, pavilions play a special role because, as temporary structures, they present an opportunity to investigate specific issues without having to fulfill all requirements for permanent buildings. The findings resulting from this investigation can then be utilized in the design and implementation of permanent buildings. In this contribution we describe the context in which the Rosenstein Timber Pavilion was created, and the special issues that were investigated in the project, as well as the knowledge gained from it. In addition, we provide an outlook on other current research topics in the field of segmented timber shells and their application in architecture.", "file" : ":C$\\backslash$:/Users/localicdtschw/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Schwinn et al/Biomimetics for Architecture/Schwinn et al. - 2019 - Potential applications of segmented shells in architecture.pdf:pdf", "doi" : "10.1515/9783035617917-015", "bibtexKey": "Schwinn2019" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/208f84ce2076285c435d9ac305e51d01f/itke", "tags" : [ "2015","baharlou","behavioural","composite","dörstelmann","fabrication","fiber","formwork","from:petraheim","itke","knippers","koslowski","menges","pneumatic","prado","robotic","schieber","shell","vasey" ], "intraHash" : "08f84ce2076285c435d9ac305e51d01f", "interHash" : "de16537284abc5f5ad8ad6a3d3f8b356", "label" : "Behavioral Design and Adaptive Robotic Fabrication of a Fiber Composite Compression Shell With Pneumatic Formwork", "user" : "itke", "description" : "", "date" : "2020-05-22 14:29:51", "changeDate" : "2021-07-08 14:47:30", "count" : 5, "pub-type": "inproceedings", "booktitle": "Proceedings of ACADIA 2015", "year": "2015", "url": "", "author": [ "Lauren Vasey","Ehsan Baharlou","Moritz Dörstelmann","Valentin Koslowski","Marshall Prado","Gundula Schieber","Achim Menges","Jan Knippers" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Lauren", "last" : "Vasey"}, {"first" : "Ehsan", "last" : "Baharlou"}, {"first" : "Moritz", "last" : "Dörstelmann"}, {"first" : "Valentin", "last" : "Koslowski"}, {"first" : "Marshall", "last" : "Prado"}, {"first" : "Gundula", "last" : "Schieber"}, {"first" : "Achim", "last" : "Menges"}, {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Knippers"} ], "pages": "297--309","abstract": "This paper presents the production and development of an adaptive robotically fabricated fiber composite compression shell with pneumatic formwork as a case study for investigating a generative behavioral design model and an adaptive, online mode of production. The project builds off of previous research at the University of Stuttgart on lightweight fiber composite structures which attempts to reduce the necessary formwork for fabrication while simultaneously incorporating structural, material and fabrication logics into an integrative computational design tool. This paper discusses the design development and fabrication workflow of the project, as well a set of strategies which were developed for online robotic programming in response to live sensor data.", "file" : "Vasey et al. - 2015 - Behavioral Design and Adaptive Robotic Fabrication.pdf:/Users/Tobias/Zotero/storage/G4S6FSTL/Vasey et al. - 2015 - Behavioral Design and Adaptive Robotic Fabrication.pdf:application/pdf", "doi" : "http://papers.cumincad.org/data/works/att/acadia15_297.pdf", "bibtexKey": "vasey_behavioral_2015" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/2e5b2fc6e8231550abe40d8f24cd0bd42/itke", "tags" : [ "2015","architecture","biomimetic","design","fabrication","from:petraheim","geometry","itke","knippers","krieg","leightweight","li","menges","plate","robotic","schmitt","schwieger","schwinn","shell","structures","timber" ], "intraHash" : "e5b2fc6e8231550abe40d8f24cd0bd42", "interHash" : "f457358d430d8a4fbcc11b242238832b", "label" : "Biomimetic Lightweight Timber Plate Shells: Computational Integration of Robotic Fabrication, Architectural Geometry and Structural Design.", "user" : "itke", "description" : "", "date" : "2020-05-22 14:28:48", "changeDate" : "2021-07-08 15:03:10", "count" : 7, "pub-type": "inbook", "booktitle": "Advances in Architectural Geometry 2014","publisher":"Springer International Publishing","address":"Cham, Heidelberg, New York", "year": "2015", "url": "", "author": [ "Oliver David Krieg","Tobias Schwinn","Achim Menges","Jian-Min Li","Jan Knippers","A. Schmitt","V. Schwieger" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Oliver David", "last" : "Krieg"}, {"first" : "Tobias", "last" : "Schwinn"}, {"first" : "Achim", "last" : "Menges"}, {"first" : "Jian-Min", "last" : "Li"}, {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Knippers"}, {"first" : "A.", "last" : "Schmitt"}, {"first" : "V.", "last" : "Schwieger"} ], "editor": [ "Philippe Block","Jan Knippers","Niloy J. Mitra","Wenping Wang" ], "editors": [ {"first" : "Philippe", "last" : "Block"}, {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Knippers"}, {"first" : "Niloy J.", "last" : "Mitra"}, {"first" : "Wenping", "last" : "Wang"} ], "pages": "109 \u2013 126","abstract": "The research presented in this paper pursues the development and construction of a robotically fabricated, lightweight timber plate system through a biologically informed, integrative computational design method. In the first part of the paper, the authors give an overview of their approach starting with the description of the biological role model and its technical abstraction, moving on to discuss the computational modelling approach that integrates relevant aspects of biomimetics, robotic fabrication and structural design. As part of the validation of the research, a full-scale, fully enclosed, insulated and waterproof building prototype has been developed and realized: The first building featuring a robotically fabricated primary structure made of beech plywood. Subsequently, the methods and results of a geodetic evaluation of the fabrication process are presented. Finally, as the close collaboration between architects, structural and geodetic engineers, and timber fabricators is integral to the process, the architectural and structural potentials of such integrative design processes are discussed.", "isbn" : "978-3-319-11417-0", "language" : "Englisch", "doi" : "10.1007/978-3-319-11418-7", "bibtexKey": "krieg2015biomimetic" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/24699caeded75ddd4b8fd038c7ba9a549/itke", "tags" : [ "2016","architecture","biomimetic","bionik","bischoff","construction","dehkordi","from:petraheim","grun","itke","knippers","menges","nebelsick","scheven","schwinn","segmented","shell","skeleton","sonntag" ], "intraHash" : "4699caeded75ddd4b8fd038c7ba9a549", "interHash" : "699154a91218ab010da56c71dd5e13f7", "label" : "The skeleton of the sand dollar as a biological role model for segmented shells in building construction: a research review.", "user" : "itke", "description" : "", "date" : "2020-05-22 14:28:48", "changeDate" : "2020-07-02 14:34:19", "count" : 4, "pub-type": "inbook", "booktitle": "Biomimetic Research for Architecture and Building Construction","series": "Biologically-Inspired Systems (8)","publisher":"Springer","address":"Cham", "year": "2016", "url": "", "author": [ "T.B. Grun","L.K.F. Dehkordi","Tobias Schwinn","Daniel Sonntag","M. von Scheven","Manfred Bischoff","Jan Knippers","Achim Menges","James H. Nebelsick" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "T.B.", "last" : "Grun"}, {"first" : "L.K.F.", "last" : "Dehkordi"}, {"first" : "Tobias", "last" : "Schwinn"}, {"first" : "Daniel", "last" : "Sonntag"}, {"first" : "M.", "last" : "von Scheven"}, {"first" : "Manfred", "last" : "Bischoff"}, {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Knippers"}, {"first" : "Achim", "last" : "Menges"}, {"first" : "James H.", "last" : "Nebelsick"} ], "editor": [ "Jan Knippers","Klaus Nickel","Thomas Speck" ], "editors": [ {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Knippers"}, {"first" : "Klaus", "last" : "Nickel"}, {"first" : "Thomas", "last" : "Speck"} ], "volume": "9","pages": "217 - 242","abstract": "Concrete double-curved shell constructions have been used in architectural design and building constructions since the beginning of the twentieth century. Although monolithic shells show a high stiffness as their geometry transfers loads through membrane forces, they have been mostly replaced by the more cost-efficient lattice systems. As lattice systems are covered by planar glass or metal panes, they neither reach the structural efficiency of monolithic shells, nor is their architectural elegance reflected in a continuous curvature. The shells of sand dollars\u2019 \u2013 highly adapted sea urchins \u2013 combine a modular and multi-plated shell with a flexible, curved as well as smooth design of a monolithic construction. The single elements of the sand dollars\u2019 skeleton are connected by calcite protrusions and can be additionally supported by organic fibres. The structural efficiency of the sea urchin\u2019s skeleton and the principles behind them can be used for innovations in engineering sciences and architectural design while, at the same time, they can be used to illustrate the biological adaptations of these ecologically important animals within their environments. The structure of the sand dollar\u2019s shell is investigated using modern as well as established imaging techniques such as x-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT), scanning electron microscopy and various optical imaging techniques. 3D models generated by μCT scans are the basis for Finite Element Analysis of the sand dollar\u2019s shell to identify possible structural principles and to analyse their structural behaviour. The gained insights of the sand dollar\u2019s mechanical properties can then be used for improving the state-of-the-art techniques of engineering sciences and architectural design.", "isbn" : "978-3319463728", "language" : "Englisch", "doi" : "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-46374-2_11", "bibtexKey": "grun2016skeleton" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/29a274e01a5b4e2dbffe52ad7ad3d23f1/itke", "tags" : [ "relaxation","2013","knippers","shell","grid","itke","from:petraheim","elastic","dynamic","li","bauingenieurwesen","gitterschale" ], "intraHash" : "9a274e01a5b4e2dbffe52ad7ad3d23f1", "interHash" : "799d650ca4ed266c0d7599b1498e42d2", "label" : "Designing Regular and Irregular Elastic Gridshells by Six DOF Dynamic Relaxation", "user" : "itke", "description" : "", "date" : "2020-05-22 14:28:48", "changeDate" : "2020-05-22 12:28:48", "count" : 2, "pub-type": "inproceedings", "booktitle": "Rethinking Prototyping: Proceedings of the Design Modelling Symposium Berlin 2013","publisher":"Universität der Künste","address":"Berlin", "year": "2013", "url": "", "author": [ "Jian-Min Li","Jan Knippers" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Jian-Min", "last" : "Li"}, {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Knippers"} ], "editor": [ "Christoph Gengnagel","Axel Kilian","Julien Nembrini","Fabian Scheurer" ], "editors": [ {"first" : "Christoph", "last" : "Gengnagel"}, {"first" : "Axel", "last" : "Kilian"}, {"first" : "Julien", "last" : "Nembrini"}, {"first" : "Fabian", "last" : "Scheurer"} ], "pages": "31 -44", "isbn" : "9783894622435", "language" : "eng", "bibtexKey": "li2013designing" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/21f29aada1b2d2ca56eddae85465f7dfd/itke", "tags" : [ "2001","bulenda","from:petraheim","gitterschale","grid","itke","knippers","peer-reviewed","shell" ], "intraHash" : "1f29aada1b2d2ca56eddae85465f7dfd", "interHash" : "bd3729242eaeae4aae7608bb245369a0", "label" : "Stability of grid shells", "user" : "itke", "description" : "", "date" : "2020-05-22 14:27:37", "changeDate" : "2020-07-01 15:01:39", "count" : 2, "pub-type": "article", "journal": "Computers and Structures", "year": "2001", "url": "", "author": [ "Thomas Bulenda","Jan Knippers" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Thomas", "last" : "Bulenda"}, {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Knippers"} ], "editor": [ " elsevier" ], "editors": [ {"first" : "", "last" : "elsevier"} ], "volume": "79","pages": "1161 \u2013 1174","abstract": "Grid shells exhibit different modes of stability failure. This paper explains some parameters influencing the failure load of domes and barrel vaults and makes suggestions for the imperfection shape which has to be assumed in an analysis. All computations are carried out with a commercial FE-program.", "language" : "eng", "bibtexKey": "bulenda2001stability" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/2a4ae2d8aaf070aa1b9f3e6ca5de9e4f0/itke", "tags" : [ "development","glass","helbig","knippers","shell","peer-reviewed","2009","design","grid","from:petraheim","architecture","glazed" ], "intraHash" : "a4ae2d8aaf070aa1b9f3e6ca5de9e4f0", "interHash" : "9e73c6954498dac578e7a102e5ca9570", "label" : "Recent Developments in the Design of Glazed Grid Shells", "user" : "itke", "description" : "", "date" : "2020-05-22 14:26:47", "changeDate" : "2020-05-22 12:26:47", "count" : 2, "pub-type": "article", "journal": "International Journal of Space Structures", "year": "2009", "url": "", "author": [ "Jan Knippers","Thorsten Helbig" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Knippers"}, {"first" : "Thorsten", "last" : "Helbig"} ], "editor": [ "Sage Publishing" ], "editors": [ {"first" : "Sage", "last" : "Publishing"} ], "volume": "24","number": "2","pages": "111 \u2013 126", "language" : "eng", "bibtexKey": "knippers2009recent" } ] }