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While prior applications have largely been limited to temporary demonstrators, this paper presents the livMatS Biomimetic Shell\u2014the first permanent, fully functioning building realised using a segmented timber shell system \u2014marking a major step toward scalable and long-term architectural integration. The project demonstrates a holistic, digitally driven approach that integrates co-design across architecture, engineering, and robotic fabrication, in close collaboration with industry partners. The research applies an integrative structural design methodology, combining parametric shape analysis and advanced finite element methods to optimise the shell\u2019s form, segmentation, and structural performance. A central innovation is the refined hollow timber cassette system, which reduces material volume and structural weight while enabling insulation integration and structural adaptability. Additional contributions include a bifurcated shell geometry that incorporates a skylight and an innovative weather-responsive shading system. As a full-scale scientific demonstrator, the livMatS Biomimetic Shell positions STS as a viable, sustainable, and structurally robust solution for contemporary long-span timber architecture.", "language" : "eng", "doi" : "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2025.109524", "bibtexKey": "bechert2025livmats" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/20a72d1180d9d9ffdbbd3f7b33ce9a61b/itke", "tags" : [ "Robotic","Optimisation","shells","göbel","Structural","knippers","engineering","Plate","structure","system","itke","fabrication","menges","aicher","Lightweight","Modular","schlopschnat","Form-finding","design","Integrative","2025","Segmented","timber","Computational","bechert" ], "intraHash" : "0a72d1180d9d9ffdbbd3f7b33ce9a61b", "interHash" : "fa29dda885c328adf06d4704f1fc70ec", "label" : "livMatS biomimetic shell: Structural advancements of segmented timber shells towards permanent building constructions", "user" : "itke", "description" : "", "date" : "2025-06-25 14:38:58", "changeDate" : "2025-06-25 14:38:58", "count" : 6, "pub-type": "article", "journal": "Structures","publisher":"Elsevier", "year": "2025", "url": "", "author": [ "Simon Bechert","Christoph Schlopschnat","Monika Göbel","Simon Aicher","Achim Menges","Jan Knippers" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Simon", "last" : "Bechert"}, {"first" : "Christoph", "last" : "Schlopschnat"}, {"first" : "Monika", "last" : "Göbel"}, {"first" : "Simon", "last" : "Aicher"}, {"first" : "Achim", "last" : "Menges"}, {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Knippers"} ], "volume": "79","pages": "109524","abstract": "Segmented timber shells (STS) represent an emerging modular system for lightweight, free-form architecture. While prior applications have largely been limited to temporary demonstrators, this paper presents the livMatS Biomimetic Shell\u2014the first permanent, fully functioning building realised using a segmented timber shell system \u2014marking a major step toward scalable and long-term architectural integration. The project demonstrates a holistic, digitally driven approach that integrates co-design across architecture, engineering, and robotic fabrication, in close collaboration with industry partners. The research applies an integrative structural design methodology, combining parametric shape analysis and advanced finite element methods to optimise the shell\u2019s form, segmentation, and structural performance. A central innovation is the refined hollow timber cassette system, which reduces material volume and structural weight while enabling insulation integration and structural adaptability. Additional contributions include a bifurcated shell geometry that incorporates a skylight and an innovative weather-responsive shading system. As a full-scale scientific demonstrator, the livMatS Biomimetic Shell positions STS as a viable, sustainable, and structurally robust solution for contemporary long-span timber architecture.", "language" : "eng", "doi" : "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2025.109524", "bibtexKey": "bechert2025livmats" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/2717edee9aca37f55c32cefe2c8121227/petraheim", "tags" : [ "2023","abdelhady","architecture","biomat","composite","computational","dahy","design","itke","modular","mycelium","spyridonos","sustainable" ], "intraHash" : "717edee9aca37f55c32cefe2c8121227", "interHash" : "8abf0382f96f27c2900bddbfcf76dd5f", "label" : "Bio-Modules: Mycelium-Based Composites Forming a Modular Interlocking System through a Computational Design towards Sustainable Architecture", "user" : "petraheim", "description" : "", "date" : "2024-11-25 08:49:30", "changeDate" : "2024-11-25 10:10:55", "count" : 3, "pub-type": "article", "journal": "Designs","publisher":"MDPI", "year": "2023 ", "url": "", "author": [ "Omar Abdelhady","Evgenia Spyridonos","Hanaa Dahy" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Omar", "last" : "Abdelhady"}, {"first" : "Evgenia", "last" : "Spyridonos"}, {"first" : "Hanaa", "last" : "Dahy"} ], "volume": "7","number": "1","pages": "20","abstract": "In a resource-constrained world, raising awareness about the development of eco-friendly alternative materials is critical for ensuring a more sustainable future. Mycelium-based composites (MBC) and their diverse applications are gaining popularity as regenerative, biodegradable, and lightweight alternatives. This research aims to broaden the design potentials of MBC in order to construct advanced systems towards a novel material culture in architecture. The proposed design method intends to explore the design and fabrication of small-scale components of MBC to be applied in modular systems. Mycelium-based modular components are being developed to fulfill the geometrical requirements that allow for the creation of a lightweight system without additional reinforcement. The modules are linked together using an interlocking system. Through computational design and form-finding methods, various arrangements of the modules are achieved. An initial prototype of five modules is created to demonstrate the ability of the system to form various geometrical configurations as a result of the used workflow. The proposed application aims to expand the scope of the use of mycelium-based composites in modular systems and to promote architectural applications using bio-based composite materials.", "language" : "eng", "issn" : "2411-9660", "doi" : "10.3390/designs7010020", "bibtexKey": "abdelhady2023biomodules" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/2717edee9aca37f55c32cefe2c8121227/itke", "tags" : [ "modular","biomat","mycelium","dahy","sustainable","2023","design","itke","spyridonos","composite","abdelhady","computational","architecture" ], "intraHash" : "717edee9aca37f55c32cefe2c8121227", "interHash" : "8abf0382f96f27c2900bddbfcf76dd5f", "label" : "Bio-Modules: Mycelium-Based Composites Forming a Modular Interlocking System through a Computational Design towards Sustainable Architecture", "user" : "itke", "description" : "", "date" : "2024-11-25 08:49:30", "changeDate" : "2024-11-25 10:10:55", "count" : 3, "pub-type": "article", "journal": "Designs","publisher":"MDPI", "year": "2023 ", "url": "", "author": [ "Omar Abdelhady","Evgenia Spyridonos","Hanaa Dahy" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Omar", "last" : "Abdelhady"}, {"first" : "Evgenia", "last" : "Spyridonos"}, {"first" : "Hanaa", "last" : "Dahy"} ], "volume": "7","number": "1","pages": "20","abstract": "In a resource-constrained world, raising awareness about the development of eco-friendly alternative materials is critical for ensuring a more sustainable future. Mycelium-based composites (MBC) and their diverse applications are gaining popularity as regenerative, biodegradable, and lightweight alternatives. This research aims to broaden the design potentials of MBC in order to construct advanced systems towards a novel material culture in architecture. The proposed design method intends to explore the design and fabrication of small-scale components of MBC to be applied in modular systems. Mycelium-based modular components are being developed to fulfill the geometrical requirements that allow for the creation of a lightweight system without additional reinforcement. The modules are linked together using an interlocking system. Through computational design and form-finding methods, various arrangements of the modules are achieved. An initial prototype of five modules is created to demonstrate the ability of the system to form various geometrical configurations as a result of the used workflow. The proposed application aims to expand the scope of the use of mycelium-based composites in modular systems and to promote architectural applications using bio-based composite materials.", "language" : "eng", "issn" : "2411-9660", "doi" : "10.3390/designs7010020", "bibtexKey": "abdelhady2023biomodules" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/2f80f498703212e2ba55fb7cbd423c9ec/petraheim", "tags" : [ "composites","computational","construction","coreless","dambrosio","design","dörstelmann","fabrication","fibre","filament","freiburg","gil","itke","knippers","menges","modular","natural","pavilion","prefabrication","rinderspacher","robotic","stark","structures","sustainable","winding","zechmeister" ], "intraHash" : "f80f498703212e2ba55fb7cbd423c9ec", "interHash" : "29a4eb2de57247c15a9b065a37cf897f", "label" : "livMatS Pavilion: Design and Development of a Novel Building System Based on Natural Fibres Coreless-wound Structural Components for Applicartons in Architecture", "user" : "petraheim", "description" : "", "date" : "2024-08-09 10:04:50", "changeDate" : "2024-08-09 10:04:50", "count" : 2, "pub-type": "article", "journal": "Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures", "year": "2024", "url": "", "author": [ "Niccolo Dambrosio","Christoph Zechmeister","Marta Gil Pérez","Moritz Dörstelmann","Tim Stark","Katja Rinderspacher","Jan Knippers","Achim Menges" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Niccolo", "last" : "Dambrosio"}, {"first" : "Christoph", "last" : "Zechmeister"}, {"first" : "Marta", "last" : "Gil Pérez"}, {"first" : "Moritz", "last" : "Dörstelmann"}, {"first" : "Tim", "last" : "Stark"}, {"first" : "Katja", "last" : "Rinderspacher"}, {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Knippers"}, {"first" : "Achim", "last" : "Menges"} ], "volume": "Vol. 65","number": "2","pages": "133 - 145","abstract": "Robotic coreless filament winding with natural fibres and bio-based resin systems offers potential solutions to address productivity and sustainability challenges in the construction sector. Their use in modular, prefabricated structures enables efficient, controlled, and eco-jriendly production, yielding high-quality building components with minimal production waste. Plant fibres like jlax provide good strength and stiffness while requiring less non­renewable energy compared to traditional fibres like glass or carbon. This research focuses on the use and implementation of jlax fibre for coreless filament wound structural components by describing the conceptualization, design, fabrication, and assembly of a full-scale architectural demonstrator, the livMats Pavilion.", "language" : "eng", "issn" : "1028-365X", "doi" : "https://doi.org/10.20898/j.iass.2024.009", "bibtexKey": "dambrosio2024livmats" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/2f80f498703212e2ba55fb7cbd423c9ec/itke", "tags" : [ "modular","dörstelmann","prefabrication","dambrosio","natural","knippers","pavilion","filament","itke","winding","fabrication","freiburg","menges","fibre","sustainable","coreless","gil","zechmeister","robotic","stark","design","composites","structures","construction","rinderspacher","computational" ], "intraHash" : "f80f498703212e2ba55fb7cbd423c9ec", "interHash" : "29a4eb2de57247c15a9b065a37cf897f", "label" : "livMatS Pavilion: Design and Development of a Novel Building System Based on Natural Fibres Coreless-wound Structural Components for Applicartons in Architecture", "user" : "itke", "description" : "", "date" : "2024-08-09 10:04:50", "changeDate" : "2024-08-09 10:04:50", "count" : 2, "pub-type": "article", "journal": "Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures", "year": "2024", "url": "", "author": [ "Niccolo Dambrosio","Christoph Zechmeister","Marta Gil Pérez","Moritz Dörstelmann","Tim Stark","Katja Rinderspacher","Jan Knippers","Achim Menges" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Niccolo", "last" : "Dambrosio"}, {"first" : "Christoph", "last" : "Zechmeister"}, {"first" : "Marta", "last" : "Gil Pérez"}, {"first" : "Moritz", "last" : "Dörstelmann"}, {"first" : "Tim", "last" : "Stark"}, {"first" : "Katja", "last" : "Rinderspacher"}, {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Knippers"}, {"first" : "Achim", "last" : "Menges"} ], "volume": "Vol. 65","number": "2","pages": "133 - 145","abstract": "Robotic coreless filament winding with natural fibres and bio-based resin systems offers potential solutions to address productivity and sustainability challenges in the construction sector. Their use in modular, prefabricated structures enables efficient, controlled, and eco-jriendly production, yielding high-quality building components with minimal production waste. Plant fibres like jlax provide good strength and stiffness while requiring less non­renewable energy compared to traditional fibres like glass or carbon. This research focuses on the use and implementation of jlax fibre for coreless filament wound structural components by describing the conceptualization, design, fabrication, and assembly of a full-scale architectural demonstrator, the livMats Pavilion.", "language" : "eng", "issn" : "1028-365X", "doi" : "https://doi.org/10.20898/j.iass.2024.009", "bibtexKey": "dambrosio2024livmats" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/2340afc5fafcc77a807e2074ea66f5655/petraheim", "tags" : [ "2021","aldinger","bechert","buga","computational","design","engineering","fabrication","finger","form-finding","heilbronn","integrative","itke","joints","knippers","lightweight","methods","modular","optimization","plate","robotic","segmented","shell","sonntag","structure","timber" ], "intraHash" : "340afc5fafcc77a807e2074ea66f5655", "interHash" : "6e81c9dcb5cfe86b6b5e6c16652f2c05", "label" : "Integrative structural design and engineering methods for segmented timber shells : BUGA Wood Pavilion", "user" : "petraheim", "description" : "", "date" : "2023-03-27 12:30:50", "changeDate" : "2023-05-16 11:39:36", "count" : 5, "pub-type": "article", "journal": "Structures","publisher":"Elsevier", "year": "2021", "url": "", "author": [ "Simon Bechert","Daniel Sonntag","Lotte Aldinger","Jan Knippers" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Simon", "last" : "Bechert"}, {"first" : "Daniel", "last" : "Sonntag"}, {"first" : "Lotte", "last" : "Aldinger"}, {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Knippers"} ], "volume": "34","number": "December","pages": "4814-4833","abstract": "The presented research describes the holistic development of a modular lightweight timber shell. So-called segmented timber shells approximate curved geometries with the use of planar plates, thus combining the excellent structural performance of double curved shells with the resource-efficient prefabrication of timber modules using only planar elements. Segmented timber shells constitute a novel building system that demands for innovative approaches on structural design and construction technologies. The geometric complexity of plate shells in conjunction with the particularities of the building material wood pose great challenges to the computational design and planning processes as structural requirements and fabrication constraints determine the shell design at early design phases. This paper discusses the design development and construction of the BUGA Wood Pavilion: A segmented timber shell structure made of hollow cassette components. Particular\r\nemphasis lies on the technical challenges of the employed building system, notably structural design and analysis, detailing solutions and the construction process. The authors further describe the integrative structural design and optimization methods developed for the timber shell in question. The BUGA Wood Pavilion demonstrates\r\nthe possibilities of lightweight and sustainable wood architecture merging the merits of integrative design, structural engineering and high-tech robotic fabrication methods.", "language" : "eng", "doi" : "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.10.032", "bibtexKey": "bechert2021integrative" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/2340afc5fafcc77a807e2074ea66f5655/itke", "tags" : [ "modular","finger","sonntag","segmented","knippers","engineering","shell","2021","structure","itke","from:petraheim","fabrication","form-finding","buga","methods","aldinger","joints","heilbronn","plate","robotic","lightweight","integrative","design","optimization","timber","computational","bechert" ], "intraHash" : "340afc5fafcc77a807e2074ea66f5655", "interHash" : "6e81c9dcb5cfe86b6b5e6c16652f2c05", "label" : "Integrative structural design and engineering methods for segmented timber shells : BUGA Wood Pavilion", "user" : "itke", "description" : "", "date" : "2023-03-27 12:30:50", "changeDate" : "2023-05-16 11:39:36", "count" : 5, "pub-type": "article", "journal": "Structures","publisher":"Elsevier", "year": "2021", "url": "", "author": [ "Simon Bechert","Daniel Sonntag","Lotte Aldinger","Jan Knippers" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Simon", "last" : "Bechert"}, {"first" : "Daniel", "last" : "Sonntag"}, {"first" : "Lotte", "last" : "Aldinger"}, {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Knippers"} ], "volume": "34","number": "December","pages": "4814-4833","abstract": "The presented research describes the holistic development of a modular lightweight timber shell. So-called segmented timber shells approximate curved geometries with the use of planar plates, thus combining the excellent structural performance of double curved shells with the resource-efficient prefabrication of timber modules using only planar elements. Segmented timber shells constitute a novel building system that demands for innovative approaches on structural design and construction technologies. The geometric complexity of plate shells in conjunction with the particularities of the building material wood pose great challenges to the computational design and planning processes as structural requirements and fabrication constraints determine the shell design at early design phases. This paper discusses the design development and construction of the BUGA Wood Pavilion: A segmented timber shell structure made of hollow cassette components. Particular\r\nemphasis lies on the technical challenges of the employed building system, notably structural design and analysis, detailing solutions and the construction process. The authors further describe the integrative structural design and optimization methods developed for the timber shell in question. The BUGA Wood Pavilion demonstrates\r\nthe possibilities of lightweight and sustainable wood architecture merging the merits of integrative design, structural engineering and high-tech robotic fabrication methods.", "language" : "eng", "doi" : "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.10.032", "bibtexKey": "bechert2021integrative" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/29d84e0a4b4de636fbc31e04b338018b9/itke", "tags" : [ "modular","dörstelmann","parascho","methodologies","fiber","method","knippers","morphologies","integrative","design","itke","from:petraheim","prado","2014","composite","architectural","computational","menges","architecture" ], "intraHash" : "9d84e0a4b4de636fbc31e04b338018b9", "interHash" : "8cecd56a0dcd5a23d55f55a8e0eaf433", "label" : "Integrative Computational Design Methodologies for Modular Architectural Fiber Composite Morphologies", "user" : "itke", "description" : "", "date" : "2020-05-22 14:49:22", "changeDate" : "2020-05-22 12:49:22", "count" : 3, "pub-type": "inproceedings", "booktitle": "ACADIA Conference","address":"Los Angeles, USA", "year": "2014", "url": "", "author": [ "Moritz Dörstelmann","Stefana Parascho","Marshall Prado","Achim Menges","Jan Knippers" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Moritz", "last" : "Dörstelmann"}, {"first" : "Stefana", "last" : "Parascho"}, {"first" : "Marshall", "last" : "Prado"}, {"first" : "Achim", "last" : "Menges"}, {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Knippers"} ], "pages": "219 \u2013 228", "language" : "eng", "bibtexKey": "dorstelmann2014integrative" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/288ce579a6a5b205ad72ee86512d012c6/itke", "tags" : [ "2015","architecture","composite","computational","design","dörstelmann","fabrication","fibre","fibrous","from:petraheim","itke","knippers","modular","morphologies","parascho","prado","simulation" ], "intraHash" : "88ce579a6a5b205ad72ee86512d012c6", "interHash" : "0c12527aed0321177e9c3a9b4c48c694", "label" : "Modular Fibrous Morphologies: Computational Design, Simulation and Fabrication of Differentiated Fibre Composite Building Components", "user" : "itke", "description" : "", "date" : "2020-05-22 14:28:48", "changeDate" : "2021-07-08 15:03:59", "count" : 2, "pub-type": "inbook", "booktitle": "Advances in Architectural Geometry 2014","publisher":"Springer International Publishing","address":"Cham, Heidelberg, New York", "year": "2015", "url": "", "author": [ "Stefana Parascho","Jan Knippers","Moritz Dörstelmann","Marshall Prado" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Stefana", "last" : "Parascho"}, {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Knippers"}, {"first" : "Moritz", "last" : "Dörstelmann"}, {"first" : "Marshall", "last" : "Prado"} ], "editor": [ "Philippe Block","Jan Knippers","Niloy J. Mitra","Wenping Wang" ], "editors": [ {"first" : "Philippe", "last" : "Block"}, {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Knippers"}, {"first" : "Niloy J.", "last" : "Mitra"}, {"first" : "Wenping", "last" : "Wang"} ], "pages": "29 \u2013 46","abstract": "The paper presents a bottom-up design process based on the transfer of biomimetic design principles and digital fabrication strategies for modular fibre-based structures, as demonstrated on a full-scale prototype pavilion. Following the analysis of the structural principles of the beetle elytra, the material differentiation and the morphologic principles of the biological role model are transferred into design and fabrication strategies. Simultaneously, developments of a coreless robotic winding method for glass and carbon fibre reinforced composite elements are incorporated into the design process. The computational set-up developed for the entire workflow is presented, showing the integration of structural analysis with digital simulation, which enables the automatic generation of the robotic winding syntax for individually differentiated components. The investigations, simulation, fabrication and assembly process, which led to the realisation of a highly efficient lightweight architectural prototype, are explained in the current paper.", "isbn" : "978-3-319-11417-0", "language" : "Englisch", "doi" : "10.1007/978-3-319-11418-7", "bibtexKey": "parascho2015modular" } , { "type" : "Publication", "id" : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/29d84e0a4b4de636fbc31e04b338018b9/petraheim", "tags" : [ "2014","architectural","architecture","composite","computational","design","dörstelmann","fiber","integrative","itke","knippers","menges","method","methodologies","modular","morphologies","parascho","prado" ], "intraHash" : "9d84e0a4b4de636fbc31e04b338018b9", "interHash" : "8cecd56a0dcd5a23d55f55a8e0eaf433", "label" : "Integrative Computational Design Methodologies for Modular Architectural Fiber Composite Morphologies", "user" : "petraheim", "description" : "", "date" : "2020-05-18 16:05:26", "changeDate" : "2020-06-02 10:08:53", "count" : 3, "pub-type": "inproceedings", "booktitle": "ACADIA Conference","address":"Los Angeles, USA", "year": "2014", "url": "", "author": [ "Moritz Dörstelmann","Stefana Parascho","Marshall Prado","Achim Menges","Jan Knippers" ], "authors": [ {"first" : "Moritz", "last" : "Dörstelmann"}, {"first" : "Stefana", "last" : "Parascho"}, {"first" : "Marshall", "last" : "Prado"}, {"first" : "Achim", "last" : "Menges"}, {"first" : "Jan", "last" : "Knippers"} ], "pages": "219 \u2013 228", "language" : "eng", "bibtexKey": "dorstelmann2014integrative" } ] }