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         "type" : "Publication",
         "id"   : "https://puma.ub.uni-stuttgart.de/bibtex/2c7e68ae5f3894d810752300311254ade/inspo5",         
         "tags" : [
            "lengthening","Active","Force-length","Force-velocity","relation","Benchmark","LS-DYNA","Muscle","model","Impedance"
         ],
         
         "intraHash" : "c7e68ae5f3894d810752300311254ade",
         "interHash" : "f87d2c872f2e6f474113b724ada23083",
         "label" : "A benchmark of muscle models to length changes great and small",
         "user" : "inspo5",
         "description" : " linked to Projekt Adires",
         "date" : "2024-09-24 16:36:35",
         "changeDate" : "2025-02-11 20:19:56",
         "count" : 16,
         "pub-type": "article",
         "journal": "ScienceDirect Elsevier",
         "year": "2024", 
         "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1751616124003722?via%3Dihub", 
         
         "author": [ 
            "Matthew Millard","Norman Stutzig","Jörg Fehr","Tobias Siebert"
         ],
         "authors": [
         	
            	{"first" : "Matthew",	"last" : "Millard"},
            	{"first" : "Norman",	"last" : "Stutzig"},
            	{"first" : "Jörg",	"last" : "Fehr"},
            	{"first" : "Tobias",	"last" : "Siebert"}
         ],
         "abstract": "Digital human body models are used to simulate injuries that occur as a result of vehicle collisions, vibration, sports, and falls. Given enough time the body\u2019s musculature can generate force, affect the body\u2019s movements, and change the risk of some injuries. The finite-element code LS-DYNA is often used to simulate the movements and injuries sustained by the digital human body models as a result of an accident. In this work, we evaluate the accuracy of the three muscle models in LS-DYNA (MAT_156, EHTM, and the VEXAT) when simulating a range of experiments performed on isolated muscle: force-length-velocity experiments on maximally and sub-maximally stimulated muscle, active-lengthening experiments, and vibration experiments. The force-length-velocity experiments are included because these conditions are typical of the muscle activity that precedes an accident, while the active-lengthening and vibration experiments mimic conditions that can cause injury. The three models perform similarly during the maximally and sub-maximally activated force-length-velocity experiments, but noticeably differ in response to the active-lengthening and vibration experiments. The VEXAT model is able to generate the enhanced forces of biological muscle during active lengthening, while both the MAT_156 and EHTM produce too little force. In response to vibration, the stiffness and damping of the VEXAT model closely follows the experimental data while the MAT_156 and EHTM models differ substantially. The accuracy of the VEXAT model comes from two additional mechanical structures that are missing in the MAT_156 and EHTM models: viscoelastic cross-bridges, and an active titin filament. To help others build on our work we have made our simulation code publicly available.",
         "language" : "English",
         
         "doi" : "10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106740",
         
         "bibtexKey": "millard2024benchmark"

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