{"c7e68ae5f3894d810752300311254adeinspo5":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106740","ISBN":"","ISSN":"","URL":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1751616124003722?via%3Dihub","abstract":"Digital human body models are used to simulate injuries that occur as a result of vehicle collisions, vibration, sports, and falls. Given enough time the body’s musculature can generate force, affect the body’s movements, and change the risk of some injuries. The finite-element code LS-DYNA is often used to simulate the movements and injuries sustained by the digital human body models as a result of an accident. In this work, we evaluate the accuracy of the three muscle models in LS-DYNA (MAT_156, EHTM, and the VEXAT) when simulating a range of experiments performed on isolated muscle: force-length-velocity experiments on maximally and sub-maximally stimulated muscle, active-lengthening experiments, and vibration experiments. The force-length-velocity experiments are included because these conditions are typical of the muscle activity that precedes an accident, while the active-lengthening and vibration experiments mimic conditions that can cause injury. The three models perform similarly during the maximally and sub-maximally activated force-length-velocity experiments, but noticeably differ in response to the active-lengthening and vibration experiments. The VEXAT model is able to generate the enhanced forces of biological muscle during active lengthening, while both the MAT_156 and EHTM produce too little force. In response to vibration, the stiffness and damping of the VEXAT model closely follows the experimental data while the MAT_156 and EHTM models differ substantially. The accuracy of the VEXAT model comes from two additional mechanical structures that are missing in the MAT_156 and EHTM models: viscoelastic cross-bridges, and an active titin filament. To help others build on our work we have made our simulation code publicly available.","annote":"","author":[{"family":"Millard","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Stutzig","given":"Norman"},{"family":"Fehr","given":"Jörg"},{"family":"Siebert","given":"Tobias"}],"citation-label":"millard2024benchmark","collection-editor":[],"collection-title":"","container-author":[],"container-title":"ScienceDirect Elsevier","documents":[],"edition":"","editor":[],"event-date":{"date-parts":[["2024","09"]],"literal":"2024"},"event-place":"","id":"c7e68ae5f3894d810752300311254adeinspo5","interhash":"f87d2c872f2e6f474113b724ada23083","intrahash":"c7e68ae5f3894d810752300311254ade","issue":"","issued":{"date-parts":[["2024","09"]],"literal":"2024"},"keyword":"lengthening Active Force-length Force-velocity relation Benchmark LS-DYNA Muscle model Impedance","misc":{"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106740"},"note":"","number":"","page":"","page-first":"","publisher":"","publisher-place":"","status":"","title":"A benchmark of muscle models to length changes great and small","type":"article-journal","username":"inspo5","version":"","volume":""}}