Abstract
Biological tissues frequently experience thermal transport phenomena in which Fourier’s law of heat conduction cannot model the observed behavior. Some very important processes controlled by short time scales, thermal wave propagation, and high heating intensities need modeling strategies that differ from classical Fourier’s law. The current paper is a thorough review and analysis of research that has employed Non-Fourier approaches to model tissue heating, with the skin being the specific tissue. The primary methods under consideration are the Single Phase Lag (SPL), Dual Phase Lag (DPL), and Three Phase Lag (TPL) models. The manuscript is structured into three main parts: the first discusses the motivation behind the development of non-Fourier models; the second reviews the types of models and simulation approaches used in the literature; and the third presents a comprehensive analysis of the various coefficients associated with SPL, DPL, and TPL, which govern the resulting thermal responses. In certain instances, the coefficients’ values have been simulated across a range of changing levels in order to exhibit their effect on the produced thermal responses. Experimental validation has been employed in some cases, wherein particular values of coefficients are selected to ensure that simulation outcomes agree with empirical observations. For all the benefits provided by these models, their use is also with some limitations. For example, the use of incorrect values of coefficients can result in unrealistic simulation outcomes, an issue that has been dealt with in the literature. Finally, the review is aimed at researchers modeling tissue responses to thermal loads for a range of medical applications.
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